Many of the recommended core indicators were selected in all ecosystems to reflect environmental and human pressures and ecosystem responses; however, not all core indicators could be examined (because, for example, data were not available or to maximize the length of the time series examined). [...] TOR 5 The development and testing of methodological approaches for detecting early warning signs of loss of resilience and ecosystem change has been the focus of myriad research efforts over the past few decades. [...] 1.1 Guide to the report Here, we present the efforts of WG 36 to address six TORs (Appendix 1) and to contribute to the broader efforts of identifying ecosystem-level reference points for the management of marine resources in PICES member countries and elsewhere. [...] For TORs 2 and 4, we developed country-specific case studies and (1) identified the status and trends of key climate and biological variables in member country coastal ecosystems, (2) characterized key pressure– response relationships using those variables, and (3) determined whether there was evidence of ecosystem thresholds in the pressure–response relationships examined. [...] 1.3): Canada, waters on the west coast of Vancouver Island that fall within the northern area of Region 11; China, waters on the east coast of Mainland China in the northern area of Region 20; Japan, waters around the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, in Regions 17 and 18; Korea, waters around the Korean Peninsula in Regions 19, 20, and 21; Russia, Exclusive Economic Zone of Russia in Region 19; U.
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