THE FAR REACH OF JUSTICE: HOLDING THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ACCOUNTABLE IN EUROPEAN COURTS THE FAR REACH OF JUSTICE: Holding the Islamic Republic of Iran Accountable in European Courts CELESTE KMIOTEK, LISANDRA NOVO, GISSOU NIA, AND ALYSSA YAMAMOTO I ATLANTIC COUNCIL THE FAR REACH OF JUSTICE: HOLDING THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN ACCOUNTABLE IN EUROPEAN COURTS Through advising on legal tools and. [...] in July 2023—expanding and improving on the defini- • tion of crimes included in the Code of Crimes against Belgian lawmakers should, in the planned reforms to the International Law; strengthening victims’ rights; and pri- Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, consider oritizing the dissemination of news related to important removing the requirement that cases have a Belgian cases in relev. [...] ted by its nationals, even when committed abroad.12 Double criminality: Command and superior liability: The principle that an act was criminalized in both the country The principle that commanders and superiors can be held crim- of commission and the country of prosecution at the time of inally liable for the crimes of their subordinates.13 commission.18 Core international crimes: Functional immun. [...] 72 See “Law on the Repression of Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 1999,” International Committee of the Red Cross, last visited October 2, 2023, (describing, in the underlying document with the text of the law, that the original law of June 16, 1993, was li. [...] 16 (providing the French version of the law); “Briefing Paper: Universal Jurisdiction Law and Practice in Belgium,” 37–38; United Nations General Assembly, “Sixty-Eight Session of the General Assembly, Sixth Committee, Review of the Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Sixty-Fifth Session, Comments of Belgium on the Topic ‘Immunity of State officials from Foreign Criminal.
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