In the Supreme Court of the United States

The Appointments Clause gives the President authority to appoint all Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. [...] And the clause is unequivocal; the President commissions all the officers of the United States. [...] The Amar Amici argue that because Justice Story did not live to see Section Three ratified, his discussion of the constitutional scope of officers of the United States is not “strongly relevant” to the meaning of that term of art. [...] Likewise, Anderson Respondents argue that the Constitution’s original use of the term officer of the United States is irrelevant to the meaning of the same term in Section Three. [...] It applies only to those who have specifically taken the oath “to support the Constitution of the United States.” Constitutional meaning is found by examining “the natural signification of the words, in the order of grammatical arrangement in which the framers of the instrument have placed them.” Lake County v.