Case study on policies in response to COVID-19 - rEUsilience Working Paper Series: 7

The states fully borne the costs of these measures, in the case of Poland though, the extent of the state’s participation depended on the reduction in turnover. [...] In the remaining countries, the overwhelming majority of measures operated at the national level, with the exception of Belgium, where the implementation occurred at the subnational level. [...] The criteria for targeted beneficiaries of the deferrals vary among the countries, with Belgium and the United Kingdom extending support only to borrowers affected by reduction of income due to the pandemic, and Sweden applying the measure to all borrowers. [...] However, in Belgium, the duration of the policy differed for employed and self-employed individuals, with the former being closer to the average length of 5.33 months. [...] Since the outset of the pandemic, governments worldwide focused on implementing containment and mitigation strategies within LTC, aiming to minimize the risks of transmission and the spread of the virus (Rocard 2021).