De-risking: The EU's and Japan’s Approaches to Managing Economic Relations with China

Economic connectivity has and Japan vary due to several factors: the nature and extent of thus increasingly been replaced by an emphasis on supply chain resilience, their economic interdependence trade diversification, stricter scrutiny of and controls on foreign investm ent with China, the profile and and exports, and greater state intervention in strategic industrial and tech- strength of domest. [...] 15 Regulation (EU) 2023/2675 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 November 2023 on the protection of the Union and its Member States from economic coercion by third countries (Anti-Coercion Instrument), Official Journal of the European Union, 7 Dec. [...] 37 Regulation (EU) 2016/1037 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on protection against subsidised imports from countries not members of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, L 176, 30 June 2016; and Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European https:. [...] 2019; and Regulation (EU) 2022/1031 of the European Parlia- ment and of the Council of 23 June 2022 on the access of third-country economic operators, goods and services to the Union’s public procurement and concession markets and procedures supporting negoti ations on access of Union economic operators, goods and services to the public procurement and concession markets of third countries (Intern. [...] 43 European Commission, ‘Secure 5G deployment in the EU—Implementing the EU toolbox’, Com- munication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM/2020/50 final, 29 Jan.