The bigger the better? - How battery size affects real-world energy consumption, cost of

The mass and the volume of the battery were derived from the battery pack total energy and the volumetric density values provided in the TUM report (Wassiliadis et al., 2022). [...] The heating and cooling power is calculated as the product of the coefficient of performance (COP) multiplied by the instantaneous compressor power.4 The COP curves as a function of ambient 4 The coefficient of performance is a measure of the efficiency of a heat pump system in providing heating or cooling compared to the amount of energy input it requires. [...] Furthermore, the lower charging power associated with the when-you-can strategy also reduces the losses inside the battery by 19% for the 58-kWh battery and by 15% for the 116-kWh battery. [...] For the long-distance driver, the effect of an increased battery size on the annual average en-route charge stops is more pronounced due to the higher energy demand of the commute day, which accounts for the highest share of day types throughout the year (92 out of 365). [...] Due to the higher vehicle cost driven by the battery cost increase, and the higher cost for the consumed electric energy, the cost per kilometer increases between 15% for the long-distance driver and up to 23% for the urban commuter.