from afar.8 These have also been the central means through which state 8 Katarzyna Cieslik and Dániel Margócsy, “Datafication, Power and Control agencies come to know and manage populations and individuals, from cen- in Development: A Historical Perspective on the Perils and Longevity of Data,” Progress in Development Studies 22, no. [...] generally reify bureaucracy as a set of unnecessary processes within a bloat- 13 Gifford Pinchot and Elizabeth Pinchot, The End of Bureaucracy and the Rise of the Intelligent Organization (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1994). [...] These accounts also conveniently overlook the Walt Bogdanich and Michael Forsythe, When McKinsey Comes to Town: The Hidden Influence of the World’s Most Powerful Consulting Firm (New York: fact that technologies have always been integral to bureaucracy and they Doubleday, 2022); Mariana Mazzucato and Rosie Collington, The Big Con: may contribute to (rather than solve) the problem of inefficient pr. [...] Border officials may conceptualize these tools as sources of evidence, though the tools and officials together decide which fingerprints and scans are acceptable and whether they are more reliable than the statements of travelers seeking to cross the border.25 As for welfare programs, software may calculate benefits and generate decision letters, but these outputs depend on how caseworkers charact. [...] 30 Adelmant and Tomlinson, “Who Builds Digital Government?” Keywords of the Datafied State Data & Society 43 Changes to the Legal Function(s) of Bureaucracy As they reconfigure frontline work and spread decision-making authori- ty, datafied state initiatives disrupt bureaucratic hierarchies and practices.
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