4 See European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Directive (EU) 2023/1791 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 September 2023 on Energy Efficiency and Amending Regulation (EU) 2023/955 (Recast), 2023 and European Commission, Commission Delegated Regulation of 14.3.2024 on the First Phase of the Establishment of a Common Union Rating Scheme for Data Centres, C(2024) 1. [...] The European Union also lags behind its main international competitors in terms of the number of start-up and scale-up firms, and the number of unicorns in the EU is much lower than in the EU’s main competitors.12 Grasping the opportunities of AI is crucial for European science and innovation to remain competitive globally. [...] 13 The data are included in European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, AI in Science: Harnessing the Power of AI to Accelerate Discovery and Foster Innovation: Policy Brief (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023); European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Trends in the Use of AI in Science: A Bibliometric Analysis (Luxemb. [...] Exponential growth in energy consumption is visible only in specific cases, such as the training of large language 26 The quote is from the European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The European Green Deal, COM(2019) 640, 12 November 2019. [...] For instance, the doubling of energy consumption by data centres by 2026 predicted by the International Energy Agency in the base scenario is much smaller than the expected energy savings from AI deployment across the sectors of the economy, based on the existing data points (see the box on AI and energy efficiency on page 11).
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