underwater nodes to charge the UUVs and provide MTR for 21 searchers and 23 nodes with them with a communications capability to report In this paper, we use the model to assess a real-world event— the September 2022 sabotage of the Nord Stream pipeline—to analyze the capabilities that an in-place undersea network would have needed to provide timely warning of the sabotage. [...] The black lines show the location of the on the Navy’s ability to conduct distributed maritime cable, and the red dots show locations of network operations and support unmanned vehicles—and nodes; the colored lines on the far right show the the capabilities such networks might need to have— paths that each user takes. [...] The red circles show the coordinates, so we converted to lat/lon coordinates charging nodes, and the colored circles and squares to apply the model to the real-world Nord Stream show start and end points for different searchers. [...] The solid line shows detection time, and the dashed line shows report time; the difference between the two is roughly constant, which makes sense because the node placement stays the same and the sabotage point is placed randomly, so the average distance to the nearest node stays the same. [...] The MTD would be and the MTR would be the MTD plus average travel time to a node, or Figure 15 shows the theoretical MTR as a function of the number of searchers using the Bluefin-21 parameters and 0.7 PD.
Authors
- Pages
- 29
- Published in
- United States of America
Table of Contents
- _Hlk135409559 3
- _Hlk135409594 7
- _Hlk136440436 7
- _Hlk136440228 8
- _Ref135128535 8
- _Ref135128681 10
- _Ref135137120 11
- _Ref135139451 13
- _Ref135313111 17
- _Hlk135409668 18
- _Ref135836579 18
- _Ref135334614 19
- _Ref135647354 20
- _Ref135906600 21
- _Hlk139292158 23
- Figure 1. Nord Stream pipeline map and EEZs 8
- Figure 2. Leak locations on Nord Stream pipelines 10
- Figure 3. Undersea network model scenarios—cable search and area search 11
- Figure 4. Sample model output for a two-dimensional cable search 13
- Figure 5. Nord Stream map with network nodes 14
- Figure 6. Single trial search paths 14
- Figure 7. MBARI seafloor mapping AUVs 15
- Figure 8. Results for a single run—6 Bluefin-21 searchers, 60-n.mi. node spacing, 1,000 trials 16
- Figure 9. Detection and report time vs. number of searchers—60-n.mi. node spacing 17
- Figure 10. Node spacing comparison— 30 vs. 60 n.mi. 17
- Figure 11. Detection and report time for different combinations of searchers and node spacing 18
- Figure 12. Detection and report time for different node charging times 19
- Figure 13. Detection time versus PD 19
- Figure 14. Bluefin-21 vs. MBARI AUV report time, 0.7 PD 20
- Figure 15. Theoretical MTR for coordinated search, Bluefin-21, 0.7 PD 21
- Introduction 7
- Nord Stream Background 8
- Nord Stream geography and political impact 8
- Sabotage incident 10
- Methodology 11
- Undersea network model 11
- Candidate systems 15
- Results 16
- Searcher and node density 16
- Charging node properties 19
- Searcher properties 19
- Coordinated versus random search 21
- Conclusion 23
- Figures 24
- Abbreviations 25
- Endnotes 26
