Gender equality in the European Parliament and in national parliaments in the European Union: 2023 state of play Gender Mainstreaming Gender equality in the European Parliament and in national parliaments in the European Union: 2023 state of play European Institute for Gender Equality Gender equality in the European Parliament and in national parliaments in the European Union: 2023 state of play E. [...] Gender equality in the European Parliament and in national parliaments in the European Union: 2023 state of play 7 Key findings • The leaders of the seven political groups in women in parliaments (e.g. [...] of the Members of the European Parliament, to For example, in Cyprus – one of the Member set up common rules for European Parliament States with the lowest shares of women in both elections in the Member States, including the national parliament (14 % in Q3 2023) (20) through quotas and zipper lists (24). [...] 22 European Institute for Gender Equality 2 of 12 1 of 7 1 of 6 3 of 8 4 of 11 1 of 6 2 of 5 1 of 4 2 of 5 0 of 8 0 of 2 2 of 5 1 of 6 1 of 8 3 of 7 3 of 8 1 of 6 0 of 2 4 of 9 2 of 5 0 of 3 0 of 3 0 of 5 1 of 5 0 of 4 5 of 6 4 of 8 2. [...] The sexual harassment and Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament, violence against women in including the Code of Appropriate Behaviour for Members of the European Parliament in the European Parliament is Exercising Their Duties, reaffirm the principle needed, along with improved of non-discrimination, prohibit and condemn access to work–life balance discriminatory practices and call on MEP.
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Table of Contents
- Executive summary 9
- Introduction 12
- 1. Area 1: Women and men have equal opportunities to enter parliament 14
- 1.1. The European Parliament is already gender balanced; the next step is to achieve gender parity 14
- 1.2. Slow progress has been made towards gender-balanced representation in national parliaments 17
- 1.3. The gender gap in national parliaments increases with age 20
- 1.4. Women account for a third of parliamentary candidates – higher quota levels are needed 22
- 2. Area 2: Women and men have equal opportunities to influence parliament’s working procedures 25
- 2.1. The access of women MEPs to top leadership positions has improved, but gender segregation in committees remains 25
- 2.2. Better protection against sexual harassment and violence against women in the European Parliament is needed, along with improved access to work–life balance provisions for Members of the European Parliament 27
- 2.3. Vertical and horizontal segregation persist in national parliamentary committees 30
- 2.4. Most national parliaments are yet to provide a working environment safe from gender-related inappropriate behaviour 32
- 2.5. Measures to reconcile the caring and professional responsibilities of members of parliament are lacking 35
- 3. Area 3: Women’s interests and concerns have adequate space on parliamentary agendas 39
- 3.1. The Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality helps the European Parliament promote gender mainstreaming, but has limited influence on other committees 39
- 3.2. Most national parliaments have a gender equality body, but their legislative powers vary 44
- 3.3. Gender mainstreaming tools are underused in most national parliaments 46
- 4. Area 4: The parliament produces gender-sensitive legislation 50
- 4.1. The European Parliament has promoted the use of gender impact assessment in European Union policymaking 50
- 4.2. Most Member States have signed and ratified key international instruments on gender equality and women’s rights 52
- 4.3. Limited efforts have been made in national parliaments to ensure the systematic assessment of the gendered impact of different policies and legislation 54
- 5. Area 5: Parliament complies with its symbolic function 56
- 5.1. The European Parliament continues to take steps to make its physical spaces and communication more gender sensitive 56
- 5.2. There is a lack of gender sensitivity of national parliaments’ physical spaces 57
- 5.3. Publicly available information on national parliaments’ gender equality initiatives is scarce 58
- 6. Conclusions 60
- References 0
- Annexes 75
- Annex 1: Key terms and concepts 75
- Annex 2: Family and care leave for members of national parliaments 77
- Annex 3: Gender equality bodies in parliaments 80
- Figure 1. Share of women MEPs by Member State and legislated gender quotas, November 2023 (%) 16
- Figure 2. Leaders of political groups in the European Parliament by sex, 2023 17
- Figure 3. Share of women among members of national parliaments (all houses) in the EU, 2003-Q3 to 2023-Q3 (%) 18
- Figure 4. Share of women amongst MPs in all houses of national parliaments in the EU, 2019-Q3 and 2023-Q3 19
- Figure 5. Share of women and men elected to national parliaments in the EU by age, 2023 21
- Figure 6. Share of women among candidates for the most recent election and among elected MPs in Q3 2023 (%) 22
- Figure 7. Proportion of women leading major political parties in the EU, 2023 (%) 24
- Figure 8. Share of women and men in the top leadership positions of the European Parliament, 2023 (%) 26
- Figure 9. Share of women among members and chairs of standing parliamentary committees of the European Parliament, 2023 (%) 27
- Figure 10. Proportion of women among chairs of parliamentary committees and members of national parliaments, EU-27, 2019 and 2023 (%) 30
- Figure 11. Proportion of women among committee chairs and members of national parliaments in the EU, 2023 (%) 31
- Figure 12. Share of women members and chairs of parliamentary committees by type of portfolio (basic (B), economic (E), infrastructure (I) and sociocultural (S) typology), EU-27, 2023 and 2019 (%) 32
- Figure 13. Access to care leave for MPs in national parliaments of the EU-27 (as stipulated in parliamentary procedures) by type of leave, 2023 37
- Figure 14. Type of gender equality bodies and structures in national parliaments by Member State 44
- Figure 15. Portfolios of parliamentary committees with responsibilities for gender equality, EU-27 45
- Figure 16. Gender equality areas addressed in national legislation, EU-27, 2023 (%) 53
- Figure 17. Gender equality parliamentary committees, oversight functions in parliamentary committees (%) 54
- Figure 18. Gender sensitivity of physical spaces and communication on gender equality in national parliaments, EU-27, 2023 57
