The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024 blue transformation in action

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Table of Contents

• COVER 1
• FOREWORD 9
• METHODOLOGY 12
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14
• ABBREVIATIONS 17
• KEY MESSAGES 20
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 23
• PART 1 WORLD REVIEW 31
• GLOBAL FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE AT AGLANCE 31
• TOTAL FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION 37
• AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION 42
• CAPTURE FISHERIES PRODUCTION 57
• THE STATUS OF FISHERY RESOURCES 72
• FISHING FLEET 84
• EMPLOYMENT IN FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 90
• UTILIZATION AND PROCESSING 95
• APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF AQUATIC FOODS 103
• TRADE OF AQUATICP RODUCTS 112
• STATUS AND TRENDS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 14 INDICATORS UNDER FAO CUSTODIANSHIP 130
• FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN NUMBERS 142
• PART 2 BLUE TRANSFORMATION IN ACTION 149
• BLUE TRANSFORMATION: A ROADMAP 149
• SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE IN ACTION 151
• IMPROVING FISHERIES SUSTAINABILITY 176
• INNOVATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE TRADE AND VALUE CHAINS 197
• PART 3 OUTLOOK AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES 221
• AQUATIC FOODS: AN UNTAPPED POTENTIAL FOR HEALTHY DIETS 221
• THE KEY ROLE O FAQUATIC FOODS IN CLIMATE ACTION 227
• IMPACTS OF EL NIÑO ON MARINE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 232
• FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGREEMENTS 235
• FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PROJECTIONS, 2022–2032 238
• GLOSSARY 250
• REFERENCES 255
• ———————————————— -1
• TABLES -1
• Table 1 World fisheries and aquaculture trends at a glance 34
• Table 2 WORLD AND REGIONAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION AND GROWTH 45
• Table 3 World aquaculture production of aquatic animals by region and selected 47
• Table 4 WORLD INLAND AQUACULTURE AND MARINE AND COASTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY REGION AND MAIN SPECIES GROUP, 2022 52
• Table 5 World production of major aquaculture species and main species groups 56
• Table 6 CAPTURE FISHERIES PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS IN MARINE AREAS BY MAJOR PRODUCER 59
• Table 7 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in marine areas by major species and genus 62
• Table 8 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals by FAO Major Fishing Area 64
• Table 9 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in inland waters by major producer and region 67
• Table 10 EMPLOYMENT IN THE PRIMARY SECTOR OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION AND SUBSECTOR, 1995–2022 91
• Table 11 Total and per capita apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods by region and economic class, 2021 104
• Table 12 number of countries AND TERRIRORIES called for reporting, and number of reporting countries AND territories for indicators 14.4.1, 14.6.1 AND 14.b.1 131
• Table 13 Example of identified harvesting CRITICAL TRACKING EVENTS AND KEY DATA ELEMENTS to be overseen by a flag state to combat IUU fishing 208
• TABLE 14 PROJECTED FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS TO 2032 240
• FIGURES -1
• Figure 1 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals 35
• Figure 2 UTILIZATION OF World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals 36
• Figure 3 World fisheries and aquaculture production 38
• Figure 4 WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS BY REGION, 39
• Figure 5 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by area and RELATIVE SHARES OF WORLD PRODUCTION, 2022 40
• Figure 6 WORLD fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by ISSCAAP division and by top ten species items, 2022 41
• Figure 7 World aquaculture production, 1990–2022 43
• Figure 8 Annual growth rate of aquatic animal aquaculture production by region, 2000–2022 46
• Figure 9 aquaculture production of selected main species groups BY MAJOR PRODUCER, 49
• Figure 10 Share of aquaculture in total fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic 51
• Figure 11 Composition of world marine and coastal aquaculture by main species 54
• Figure 12 Fed and non-fed aquaculture production of animal species by region, 2000–2022 55
• Figure 13 WORLD CAPTURE FISHERIES PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS, 1950–2022 58
• Figure 14 World capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in marine areas 60
• Figure 15 World capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in marine areas by FAO Major Fishing Area, average 2020–2022 61
• FIGURE 16 Capture fisheries production of aquatic animals in inland waters 70
• Figure 17 SHARE OF CAPTURE FISHERIES IN INLAND WATERS IN TOTAL FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE 71
• Figure 18 Global trends in the state of the world’s marine FISHERY stocks, 1974–2021 73
• Figure 19 Percentages of biologically sustainable and unsustainable FISHERY STOCKS BY FAO MAJOR FISHING AREA, 2021 74
• Figure 20 The three temporal patterns in FISHERIES landings, 1950–2021 75
• Figure 21 State of major inland fisheries 83
• Figure 22 Proportion of fishing vessels by motorization status, geographical region and income group, 2022 84
• Figure 23 Global fishing fleet, motorized vs non-motorized, 1995–2022 85
• Figure 24 Share of motorized and non-motorized vessels by geographical region, 2022 86
• Figure 25 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FISHING FLEET, 1995–2022 87
• Figure 26 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FISHING FLEET WITH KNOWN LENGTH OVERALL, 1995–2022 87
• Figure 27 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF MOTORIZED FISHING FLEET BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION, 2022 88
• Figure 28 Employment in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture by geographical region, 1995–2022 92
• Figure 29 Share of subsector employment in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture by geographical region, 2022 92
• Figure 30 Time use categories reporting in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture, 2022 93
• Figure 31 Sex-disaggregated data on employment in the primary sector of fisheries and aquaculture by subsector, 2022 94
• Figure 32 Share of utilization of world fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by food and non-food USE BY VOLUME 96
• Figure 33 UTILIZATION OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS, 1962–2022 97
• Figure 34 UTILIZATION OF FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL IN SELECTED YEARS 100
• Figure 35 SHARE OF RAW MATERIAL UTILIZED FOR REDUCTION INTO FISHMEAL AND FISH OiL, 2022 101
• Figure 36 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods by region, 1961–2021 105
• Figure 37 Apparent CONSUMPTION OF AQUATIC ANIMAL FOODS per capita, average 2019–2021 106
• Figure 38 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods per capita by region, 1961–2021 107
• Figure 39 Contribution of aquatic animal foods to animal protein supply per capita, average 2019–2021 108
• Figure 40 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods per capita and contribution to supply of animal proteins by economic class, 2021 109
• Figure 41 Apparent consumption of aquatic animal foods by main species group, 112
• Figure 42 Top 30 countries AND TERRITORIES with highest share of aquatic animal product exports in total merchandise exports, 2000–2022 113
• Figure 43 World merchandise and aquatic animal export value, fixed-base indices (1976=100), 1976–2022 114
• Figure 44 Annual growth rate of world merchandise, agricultural and aquatic animal exports by value, 2010–2022 115
• Figure 45 Annual changes in FAO Fish Price Index, 1990–2023 117
• Figure 46 Top ten exporting countries of aquatic animal products by value, 2022 118
• Figure 47 Top ten importing countries of aquatic animal products by value, 2022 121
• FIGURE 48 Trade flows of aquatic animal products by region (share of total imports, 124
• Figure 49 Share of main product forms in exports of aquatic animal products by volume, 1976 VS 2022 126
• Figure 50 Share of main groups of species in exports of aquatic animal products 127
• Figure 51a FAO CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT activities and most recent quality assurance scores 132
• Figure 51B Activities carried out within the FAO Global Capacity Building Programme in support of the PSMA and complementary instruments during 2018–2024 133
• Figure 52 Progress in the degree of implementation of international instruments aimed at combating IUU fishing by region, 2018–2024 (SDG Indicator 14.6.1) 136
• Figure 53 Value of sustainable fisheries as a percentage of countries’ GDP by SDG region or grouping (SDG Indicator 14.7.1) 137
• Figure 54 Progress in the degree of application of a legal/regulatory/policy institutional framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small-scale fisheries by region, 2018–2024 (SDG Indicator 14.b.1) 139
• Figure 55 Reporting rates recorded for SDG Indicators 14.4.1, 14.6.1 and 14.B.1 between 2018 and 2024 according to UNSD groupings 140
• Figure 56 Objectives and targets of Blue Transformation 150
• Figure 57 THE FISHINFO NETWORK 205
• Figure 58 Fish loss and waste multidimensional solutions strategy process 215
• Figure 59 ELIMINATING LOSS AND WASTE FOR TILAPIA AND UTILIZING ITS BY-PRODUCTS FOR FOOD PURPOSES 226
• Figure 60 Overview of aquatic food-related case studies and initiatives submitted to the 2023 UNFCCC annual Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue 228
• Figure 61 Examples of FAO field projects and programmes on climate change adaptation for the aquatic food sector 230
• Figure 62 El Niño risk analysis in fao Major Fishing Areas 233
• Figure 63 Average monthly sea surface temperature anomalies during the evolution of the 2023–2024 El Niño 234
• Figure 64 World fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals, 1980–2032 239
• Figure 65 Annual growth rate of world aquaculture PRODUCTION BY VOLUME 241
• Figure 66 Increasing role of aquaculture 242
• Figure 67 SHARE OF AQUACULTURE IN total fisheries and aquaculture production of aquatic animals by region AND BY VOLUME, 2022 VS 2032 243
• Figure 68 World fishmeal production, 1990–2032 244
• Figure 69 Exports and imports of aquatic animal foods by region AND BY VOLUME 248
• BOXES -1
• Box 1 Fisheries and aquaculture statistics: challenges and opportunities 32
• Box 2 Evaluating the status of FAO’s inland fishery statistics 69
• Box 3 New guidance to enhance global reporting by fishing vessel type 89
• Box 4 Enhancement of FAO’s Food Balance Sheets on aquatic products 110
• Box 5 Fish Price Index 116
• Box 6 China: the shift from net exporter to net importer 122
• Box 7 Regional analysis of reporting on SDG14.4.1 indicator 134
• Box 8 Enhancing sustainability reporting and interlinkages between SDGs: integration of Indicator 14.4.1 with Indicator 14.7.1 138
• Box 9 ALART: an FAO tool to reform national aquaculture legislation 152
• Box 10 Aquaculture parks: a model for sustainable aquaculture production 154
• Box 11 AquaGRIS: transforming the knowledge base on genetic resources in aquaculture 157
• Box 12 Challenges in genetic management and improvement in seaweed aquaculture 159
• Box 13 FAO Reference Centres for Antimicrobial Resistance and Aquaculture Biosecurity 162
• Box 14 Alternatives to reduce the need for antimicrobials and prevent antimicrobial resistance 164
• Box 15 Investing in desert and arid zone aquaculture: A dream or an opportunity? 166
• Box 16 FAO AND aquaculture digitalization 168
• Box 17 Fish silage: a high-quality feed ingredient promoting a circular economy in Barbados 170
• Box 18 Digitalization in support of aquaculture development in the Caribbean Community 171
• Box 19 Aquaculture demonstrative centres to accelerate Blue Transformation in the Mediterranean and Black Sea region 173
• Box 20 Global Sustainable Aquaculture Advancement Partnership 174
• Box 21 Tawi-Tawi’s journey towards sustainable seaweed farming 175
• Box 22 FAO Voluntary Guidelines for Transshipment 178
• Box 23 BUILDING GENDER-TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE in fisheries and aquaculture   179
• Box 24 Legacy of the International Year of Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture 182
• Box 25 Integrated water resources management – the case of the Komadugu Yobe Basin of Lake Chad   184
• Box 26 Partnerships for managing high seas resources 185
• Box 27 EAF-Nansen Programme: Achievements in fisheries management and assessment   188
• Box 28 Regional consultations on marine fishery stock assessment 190
• Box 29 Technological innovations in support of safety at sea   195
• Box 30 Artificial intelligence in support of fisheries management in Saudi Arabia 196
• Box 31 Preferential access in international trade and sustainability 198
• Box 32 Understanding fisheries access arrangements for maximizing sustainable benefits 200
• Box 33 Transforming waste to wealth in small-scale fisheries IN Togo 202
• Box 34 Pescatourism in Jinshanzui – Connecting the past with the present 203
• Box 35 Blue Ports Initiative 206
• Box 36 Blockchain traceability of Saudi Arabian seafood products through a digital auction system 209
• Box 37 TEN-year anniversary of the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative 211
• Box 38 Collective action for transformative change: FISH4ACP multistakeholder partnership in Côte d’Ivoire 212
• Box 39 The potential of using black soldier fly to produce aquaculture feed in Zimbabwe 213
• Box 40 Multidimensional solutions for reducing loss in multi-day boat fisheries 216
• Box 41 Small-scale fisheries and opportunities for renewable energy 217
• Box 42 The impacts of microplastics on the safety of aquatic foods 218
• Box 43 Ensuring the safety of seaweed foods 219
• Box 44 Small fish for food security and nutrition 222
• Box 45 Home-grown school feeding    223
• Box 46 Food composition data of aquatic foods 224
• Box 47 Prevention, preparedness and rehabilitation of aquatic food systems after climate-related shocks and disasters 229
• Box 48 Meeting the challenge of rising population: implications for aquatic animal 246