Ten Thousand Steps in Her Shoes: The Role of Public Transport in Women’s Economic Empowerment

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Table of Contents

• Front Cover 1
• Contents 9
• Foreword 15
• Acknowledgments 17
• About the Authors 19
• Executive Summary 21
• Abbreviations 31
• Chapter 1 Introduction 33
• Background 33
• Conceptual Framework and Methodology 40
• Notes 44
• References 44
• Chapter 2 Mobility and Gender 47
• Background 47
• Overall Mobility Patterns 48
• Public Transport Networks and Their Use 51
• Public Transport Users 59
• Challenges and Areas of Improvement Identified by Public Transport Users 65
• Conclusion 68
• Notes 71
• References 72
• Chapter 3 Mobility, Gender, and Access to Economic Opportunities 73
• Background 73
• Why Mobility Matters for the Labor Market 74
• Mobility Patterns of People Who Currently Work 0
• The Latent Desire to Be Gainfully Employed 77
• Spatial Measures of Mobility by Public and Active Means of Transport 83
• Effects of Public Transport on Labor Market Outcomes 0
• Conclusion 101
• Notes 102
• References 104
• Chapter 4 Recommendations 107
• Introduction 107
• What Concrete Actions Are Needed to Improve the Public Transport Systems in All Three Cities? 108
• What Concrete and City-Specific Actions Are Needed to Improve Women’s Mobility? 0
• What Concrete Actions Are Needed to Improve Women’s Economic Participation through Better Public Transport? 0
• Complementary Recommendations in Other Sectors 111
• Note 111
• Reference 112
• Boxes 37
• Box 1.1 Current Evidence on Gender, Mobility, and Access to Economic Opportunities 37
• Box 1.2 Transport and Economic Context in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 39
• Box 2.1 Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected Men’s and Women’s Mobility in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo? 0
• Box 2.2 Methodology Used for Public Transport Network Mapping in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 55
• Box 3.1 Women’s Time Poverty 0
• Box 3.2 Empirical Model Estimated 96
• Box 3.3 Mobility, Access to Opportunities, and Intersectionality 98
• Figures 23
• Figure ES.1 Role of Public Transport in Women’s Economic Empowerment 23
• Figure 1.1 Current University Enrollment and LFP among Men and Women in the MENA Region 34
• Figure 1.2 University Enrollment and LFP of Women in the MENA Region, 1990–2020 35
• Figure 1.3 Gender Gaps in LFP, 1990–2019 36
• Figure 1.4 Conceptual Framework for Women’s Access to Economic Opportunities 41
• Figure 1.5 Summary of Collected Data 43
• Figure 2.1 Share of the Population That Made at Least One Trip on the Day Prior to the Survey in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 48
• Figure 2.2 Share of Men and Women Using Various Modes of Transport on the Day Prior to the Survey in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 49
• Figure B2.1.1 Share of the Population in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo That Increased the Use of a Specific Type of Transport Because of the Pandemic, by Gender 50
• Figure 2.3 Private Vehicle Ownership in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Type 51
• Figure 2.4 Driver’s License Possession among Men and Women in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 52
• Figure 2.5 Time to Reach a Public Transport Stop by Walking from Home in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 56
• Figure 2.6 Time to Walk from Home to a Public Transport Stop in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Means of Public Transport 57
• Figure 2.7 Frequency of Use of Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 58
• Figure 2.8 Frequency of Use of Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Means of Public Transport 59
• Figure 2.9 Purpose of Trips among Public Transport Users in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 61
• Figure 2.10 Length of Trips Using Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 62
• Figure 2.11 Distribution of Trip Fares Using Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 63
• Figure 2.12 Means of Public Transport Used in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 64
• Figure 2.13 Top Three Challenges for Women Using Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 65
• Figure 2.14 Challenges among Public Transport Users in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 67
• Figure 2.15 Top Three Areas for Improvements in Transport Services and Auxiliary Infrastructure in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, as Identified by Women 68
• Figure 2.16 Top Improvements Identified for Public Transport Services in Amman and Beirut, by Gender 69
• Figure 2.17 Top Improvements Identified for Auxiliary Infrastructure in and Near Transport Stops in Amman and Beirut, by Gender 70
• Figure 3.1 Dominant Mode of Transport for Commuting from Home to Work in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 76
• Figure 3.2 Dominant Means of Public Transport for Commuting from Home to Work in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 77
• Figure 3.3 Share of Non-Working Women Who Say They Would Be Willing to Accept a Job If It Were Available in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 78
• Figure 3.4 Percentage of Non-Working People Who Perceive That Commuting Is a Barrier to Work in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 79
• Figure 3.5 Reasons Cited by Non-Working People Who Consider Commuting as a Barrier to Work in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 80
• Figure 3.6 Relative Importance of Transport-Related Barriers to Commuting for Work in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Gender 82
• Figure 3.7 Relative Importance of Non–Transport-Related Barriers to Women Commuting for Work in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 83
• Figure 3.8 Average Accessibility Levels in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 86
• Figure 3.9 Lorenz Curves of Accessibility Levels for Different Parameters of Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 88
• Figure 3.10 Commuter’s Mode Choice and Accessibility Levels in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo, by Transport Type 89
• Figure 3.11 Average Availability Levels in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 92
• Figure 3.12 Parameters Used to Assess Safety at Public Transport Stops 93
• Figure 3.13 Safety at Public Transport Stops: Results from the Built Environment Audits in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 94
• Figure 3.14 Main Results of the Empirical Analysis for This Study 97
• Figure 3.15 Impact of Increased Safety at Public Transport Stops on Women’s LFP in Amman 99
• Figure 3.16 Impact of Increased Accessibility of Jobs through Public Transport on Women’s LFP in Cairo 100
• Maps 38
• Map 1.1 Share of Scientific Literature on Gender and Mobility, by Region 38
• Map 2.1 Public Transport Network in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 53
• Map 3.1 Accessibility of Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 85
• Map 3.2 Availability of Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 91
• Map 3.3 Safety of Public Transport in Amman, Beirut, and Cairo 95
• Tables 62
• Table 2.1 Median Time Spent on Trips Using Public Transport 62
• Table 2.2 Median Fare of Trips Using Public Transport 63
• Table 3.1 Average Accessibility Levels for Different Parameters 87
• Table 3.2 Gini Index of Accessibility Levels for Different Parameters 87