Toward Climate-Resilient Roads: Climate Change Adaptation Measures for the Road Sector in Timor-Leste

Table of Contents

• Contents 5
• Tables, Figures, and Maps 7
• Foreword 9
• Acknowledgments 11
• Abbreviations 12
• Weights and Measures 12
• Executive Summary 13
• 1 Introduction 15
• 2 Climate Change Adaptation Measures for the Road Sector in Timor-Leste 16
• 2.1 Outline of the Road Sector in Timor-Leste 16
• 2.2 Impact of Climate Change on the Road Sector in Timor‑Leste 20
• Global Climate Change 20
• Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate the Impact of Climate Change 22
• Engineering Design Considering Future Climate Change 23
• Direction for Engineering Design of Culverts Considering Future Climate Conditions 25
• 2.3 Classification of Road and Bridge Damage 27
• 2.4 Road Damage and Countermeasures 28
• Landslide 28
• Cut Slope Failure 31
• Fill Slope Failure and Settlement 34
• Debris Flow 38
• Culvert and Ditch 39
• Resilient Road Cross Section for Climate Change 42
• Responding to Future Sea-Level Rise 42
• Community-Based Climate Adaptation Measures 44
• 2.5 Damage to Bridges and Countermeasures 45
• Flood Damage—Irabere Bridge 45
• Heavy Sedimentation Under the Welolo Bridge 51
• Low-Water Bridge Based on Risk Tolerance 54
• 2.6 Capacity Development 55
• Field Training 55
• Use of Innovative Technologies 57
• Geographic Information Systems Mapping for Climate Change Adaptation 60
• 3 Important Points for Future Road Development 62
• 3.1 Climate Adaptation Measures Are Neededfor All Project Cycles 62
• 3.2 The Employer Should Be Empoweredto Manage Climate Resilience 63
• 3.3 Comprehensive Approach Is Recommendedfor Technical Assessment 64
• 3.4 Risk-Based Approach Is Suggested to Select Climate Adaptation Measures 64
• 3.5 Community Participation and Perception Are Important 65