A H M E D M A H D I

Such criteria include: the extent of Israel’s dependence on gas exports (i.e., Israel’s demand vulnerability), the extent of the importers’ dependence on Israeli gas supplies (the importers’ supply vulnerability), and the rank- ing, or importance, of energy in the mutual relations between Israel and the importers. [...] The fifth section applies certain criteria to measure the extent to which Israel can obtain geopolitical leverage out of its natural gas exports, namely, Israel’s demand vulnerability, the impor- ters’ supply vulnerability, and the centrality of energy issues in the mutual relationship between Israel and the importers. [...] Using criteria very similar to those of Casier (energy relationship, the dominance of the energy agenda in mutual relations, and the influence of the EU), they argue that Moscow attempted to use the 3. [...] What is the importance or salience or significance of Israel’s natural gas supplies in the relation between Tel Aviv and the importing country? This is seen by presenting the other significant issues in the relations between Israel and the importing country, and comparing the importance of natural gas trade with these important strategic issues. [...] These factors include the vulnerability of the consumer to pressure from the supplier (the supply vulnerability of the consumer), the vulnerability of the supplier to pressure from the consumer (the demand vulnerability of the supplier), and whether this economic tool is of such high salience to the extent that it can affect the behavior of the state targeted by the pressure attempt.