In the case of most of the region encompassed by the mission of the Institute of Regional Studies, defined as South and Central Asia, religion and the role of Islam in politics plays out in remarkably diverse FALSE NEWS ON ISLAM 17 ways. [...] Reconciliation through Culture The European Renaissance when viewed in international context seemed to be greatly influenced by the commercial, political and religious exchanges followed between Muslim Turks and Roman West after the creation of the Islamic Ottoman Empire on the remnants of the Byzantine Empire.18 The changes in political authority brought about by the Ottomans in the geographical. [...] The rapid development of commissariat services in European armies during the first half of the eighteenth century eventually closed the developmental gap that had long existed between the Ottomans and the West, but it is worth remembering that 38 SEMINAR BOOK in the fields of transport and logistics it was the Ottomans who were the trend-setters and models of perfection whom the others strove to e. [...] The transfer of gunpowder and firearms from Italy to Balkans played a key role in the diffusion of gunpowder technology to the Ottoman Empire.47 In terms of early modern warfare advancement in the Euro-Mediterranean region, the Ottomans remained active participants in a shared technology rather than as passive recipients of borrowed means and methods.48 The Janissaries were among the very first ar. [...] Initially formed against a shared threat of Habsburg expansionism, the alliance was revived several times in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.60 The Ottoman fleet helped the French King to attack the dominions of Italy of their mutual enemy Charles V – the Holy Roman emperor61 - in the mid sixteenth century.
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- 337
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- Pakistan
