If the border dissects a mountain range, as with China and Nepal, the land immediately proximate to the border (say, within 25 kilometers, which is the smallest bandwidth used in the regression discontinuity) is still similar — much of it is in the mountains.12 Thinking of the border as an abrupt, fine line rather than the mountains themselves helps reduce concerns about differences across borders. [...] In the main model, I allow for the functional form of the regression line to be a quadratic in order to not overweight observations very close to the border.15 I use the Imbens-Kalyanaraman (I-K) optimal bandwidth to measure how far from the border grid cells should be included, with an upper limit at 300 kilometers (Imbens and Kalyanaraman 2012).16 Repeating the RD exercise on each of the 314 ter. [...] While these differences are estimates, the nature of the RD exercise means that the error is classical, and because the variable is used as the dependent variable, the resulting coefficient estimates on the independent variables in the second step are not attenuated by the dependent variable’s error term. [...] Robustness Checks To test the robustness of my results, I make changes to the models in both the first and second steps of the research design.19 In the first step, I specify the bandwidth of distance away from the border explicitly, rather than using the I-K method. [...] I provide evidence for this mechanism because it is the “weaker” of the two, given the large body of evidence in the literature for the mobilization and democracy mechanism.
Authors
- Pages
- 55
- Published in
- United States of America
Table of Contents
- Working Paper No. 22 November 2023 1
- Introduction 3
- Biodiversity Decline, Resource Extraction, and Protected Areas 6
- Theory 9
- Mechanism 1: NRD Leads to Mobilization 10
- Mechanism 2: Mobilization Is More Effective in Democracies 12
- Research Design 15
- First Step Sample and Dependent Variable 18
- First Step Forcing and Treatment Variables 19
- First Step Estimation 20
- Second Step Sample and Dependent Variable 21
- Second Step Independent Variables 22
- Second Step Estimation 24
- Results 24
- Robustness Checks 26
- Evidence For Mobilization Mechanism 29
- Illustrative Case Study: Costa Rica 34
- Background 35
- Resource Dependence, Export Agriculture, and Deforestation 37
- Local and International Mobilization: Cabo Blanco 40
- Local Mobilization: Manuel Antonio and Cahuita National Parks 41
- National and International Mobilization: Corcovado and Palo Verde National Parks 43
- Discussion 44
- Conclusion 45
- References 46
