The Iron Dice S

It is also widely studied in medicine and epidemiology.9 Fatalism is a major focus of re- search in sociology, with a number of overlapping concepts like “efªcacy,” “mastery,” and “control.”10 Fatalism is a core idea in psychology, with an enor- mous literature on an “internal locus of control” versus an “external locus of control.”11 Indeed, the link between a perceived lack of control and mental. [...] Alexander George describes fatalism versus efªcacy as a central part of leaders’ “operational code,” or their core beliefs about the political universe that structure reality and shape decision-making.15 Leaders vary signiªcantly in their views about the role of chance in political life, whether the future is predictable and deterministic, and whether they can take the initiative and shape outcome. [...] Rotter, Social Learning and Clinical Psychology; Galvin et al., “Changing the Focus of Locus.” Following much of the literature in psychology, I use external locus of control and fatalism synon- ymously to refer to the absence of a belief in individual agency. [...] According to the “Rubicon Model of Action Phases” in psychology, when people are in a “pre-decisional” phase and weighing different options, they adopt a “delibera- tive” mindset, make relatively accurate assessments of costs, beneªts, and risks, and are less prone to the illusion of control.41 The act of deciding (or “crossing the Rubicon”) causes people to switch to an “implemental” mindset, whe. [...] Schwartz, “Culture Rules: The Founda- tions of the Rule of Law and Other Norms of Governance,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol.