Participants in such mobs The section on Twitter (X) in this report includes a discussion of “are often further emboldened by the how antagonists on the left and right used that platform to bait one cloak of online anonymity,” according to another in the build-up to the physical violence during the August 2017 DiResta. [...] gathering place for “transgressive fun,” van and her coauthors show that Gab Both provided tools to the organizers according to Cathrine Thorleifsson, enjoyed a surge of new users in the of January 6 and the people who actu- an anthropologist at the University of wake of the August 2017 Unite the ally invaded the Capitol. [...] many election deniers were adherents to QAnon before the emergence of the Stop Stop the Steal the Steal movement and that networks of Both mainstream and alternative plat- rapid retweeters, copy-pasted messages, forms allowed domestic extremists and the participation of high profile right- and prominent figures on the right to ac- wing outlets and commentators were es- celerate the growth of movem. [...] and traced the history of far-right or- wrote for the Journal of Media and This is in contrast to the findings of the ganizing in the United States.90 Under- Information Warfare that Trump’s use committee investigators’ memo, which standing the relationship between polit- of social media challenges the news dedicated significant space to levers ical violence and long running historical media’s tra. [...] Regardless of whether Congress can muster the will to enhance the authority of the FTC, lawmakers should broaden and deepen their field of vision by passing legislation resembling the Platform Accountability and Transparency Act, a bipartisan measure introduced in the Senate, and the Digital Services Oversight and Safety Act, a similar bill backed by Democrats in the House.
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Table of Contents
- Contents 2
- Executive Summary 3
- The main finding of this report is that social science research reveals that social media platforms can beand often are exploited to facilitate political intimidation and violence. 3
- Recommendations In Brief 4
- For the social media industry 4
- For the U.S. government 4
- 1. Introduction 5
- Well documented episodes 6
- What social science contributes 6
- A Timeline of Political Intimidation and Violence Episodes Involving Social Media 6
- What We Mean By Social Media 7
- 2. Surveying the Social Science 8
- Questions for the experts 8
- Mainstream platforms 9
- Why Social Science Yields So Few Hard Answers 9
- Facebook 10
- Instagram 11
- YouTube 12
- TikTok 13
- Sparse Research on Left-wing Extremism 14
- Twitter X 14
- Reddit 15
- Encrypted messaging apps 16
- Telegram 16
- WhatsApp 16
- Alt-right platforms and the chans 16
- Gab 17
- Parler 17
- 4chan and the other chans 17
- 3. January 6 A Case Study 18
- By Dean Jackson and Justin Hendrix 18
- Stop the Steal 18
- QAnon and Stop the Steal were both prominent on Facebook Twitter X and other mainstream sites but other platforms also played an important role. 18
- Alt-right growth 19
- Trumps culpability 19
- Gaps in the literature 19
- Historical context needed 19
- 4. Company Responses 20
- More specific company responses 21
- Meta 21
- YouTube 21
- TikTok 22
- Reddit 22
- Twitter X Gab Parler 22
- 5. Conclusion and Recommendations 23
- Rather than retreat from modest reforms made in the recent past major social media companies should be intensifying efforts to protect against political threats and incitement to violence. 23
- Recommendations 24
- For the social media industry 24
- Sound the alarm. 24
- Put more people on the content moderation beat. 24
- Directly confront election delegitimization. 24
- Make design changes to mitigate harm. 24
- Cultivate academic and civil society researchers. 25
- For the U.S. Government 25
- Enforce existing laws. 25
- Step up protection of election workers. 25
- Enhance federal authority to oversee digital industries. 26
- Mandate more transparency. 26
- Recommendations 26