Unlocking System Savings With Flexible EV Charging: Lessons From Colorado

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Table of Contents

• Acknowledgments 2
• Benefits of EVs Through Smart Charging: A Joint Project by RAP and ICCT 4
• Figure 1. Framework for smart electric transport 5
• 1 Introduction 7
• Figure 2. U.S. annual electric generating capacity 2018-2025 8
• 2 Savings From Managed EV Charging: Case Study Colorado 11
• 3 Regional Market and Policy Context 11
• Figure 3. Representative hourly net load: Winter and summer days in 2050 14
• / 14
• 4 What We Studied 15
• Study Purpose and Context – Introduction 15
• Energy System Modelling 15
• Figure 4. Using the ADP zones to build a case for Colorado 16
• Vehicle Electricity Demand Modelling 17
• Figure 5. Vehicle loads 17
• Assumptions Used 18
• Table 1. Assumptions for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) under various flexibility scenarios 19
• Table 2. Assumptions for MHDVs under various flexibility scenarios 19
• Scenarios Modelled 20
• Table 3. Charging scenarios 21
• Table 4. Allocation of vehicle load to feeder type by scenario 22
• 5 Findings 22
• Flexibility Value Increases as the Amounts of Variable Renewable Energy Increase 23
• Figure 6. Total value of vehicle flexibility 23
• Figure 7. Cost savings by category 24
• The Majority of Flexibility Value Stems From LDVs in the Residential Sector 25
• Figure 8. Savings allocated by sector (i.e., feeder type) 25
• Figure 9. Cost savings by light-duty and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles 26
• Figure 10. Residential and commercial flexibility 27
• Figure 11. Comparison of savings across charging pattern sensitivities for Flex medium scenario 28
• Highway Charging Produces Relatively Less Value When Compared With Other Sectors 29
• Flexibility Mitigates the Cost of Reducing Electric Sector Emissions 29
• Figure 12. Annual cost per ton of emissions abated for electricity 30
• Flexibility Can Provide Significant Consumer Savings 30
• Figure 13. Savings per MWh of vehicle load shifting 31
• Table 6. NPV 10-Year lifetime energy system value of Level 2 charger investment 32
• Table 7. NPV of residential charging flexibility translated to number of L2 chargers at 100% incentive 32
• Flexibility Flattens the Net Load Curve 32
• Figure 14. Hourly net load on representative winter and summer load days 33
• Table 5. Flex medium charging sensitivities 28
• 6 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 34
• Summary of Conclusions 34
• Summary of Policy Recommendations 37