World social protection report 2024-26 : universal social protection for climate action and a just transition

Table of Contents

• Foreword 4
• Contents 6
• List of boxes 8
• List of figures 10
• List of tables 14
• Abbreviations 15
• Acknowledgements 16
• Executive summary 18
• Chapter 1. Contending with life-cycle and climate risks: The compelling case for universal social p 27
• Key messages 29
• 1.1 The challenge: Ensuring social protection to address the climate crisis and facilitate a just 31
• 1.2 The role of social protection in inclusive climate action and a just transition 34
• 1.3 The cost of inaction: The implications of a lack of social protection 38
• 1.4 Building the statistical knowledge base on social protection and monitoring relevant SDGs 40
• 1.5 Objective and structure of the report 41
• Chapter 2. From climate crisis to a just transition: The role of social protection 43
• Key messages 45
• 2.1 Social protection for a people-centred adaptation and loss and damage response 47
• 2.1.1 Reducing vulnerability through social protection 47
• 2.1.2 Prepare, respond, recover: Addressing climate-related shocks through social protection 50
• 2.1.3 Supporting inclusive adaptation and transformation through social protection 57
• 2.2 Social protection as an enabler for climate change mitigation and environmental protection 61
• 2.2.1 Cushioning distributional effects and providing compensation for carbon pricing, including fos 61
• 2.2.2 Facilitating a just transition for workers and enterprises 63
• 2.2.3 Directly contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental protection 67
• Chapter 3. Getting the basics right: Closing protection gaps and strengthening systems 73
• Key messages 75
• 3.1 Where do we stand in building social protection systems? 77
• 3.2 Coverage trends: Positive but too slow 77
• 3.2.1 Global and regional overview of social protection coverage (SDG indicator 1.3.1) 77
• 3.2.2 Coverage gaps for workers: Unpacking the “missing middle” 82
• 3.2.3 Protecting migrants 86
• 3.2.4 Social assistance coverage for vulnerable groups 87
• 3.2.5 Gender gaps: progress towards gender-responsive social protection systems 89
• 3.3 Comprehensive and adequate social protection 92
• 3.4 Social protection expenditure and financing 94
• 3.4.1 Level and structure of social protection expenditure 94
• 3.4.2 Filling the social protection floor financing gap 96
• 3.4.3 Ensuring equitable and sustainable social protection financing for a just transition 98
• 3.5 Adapting and strengthening institutional and operational capacities 101
• 3.5.1 Policy and governance: Increasing coherence and coordination between social protection and cli 102
• 3.5.2 Scheme design: adaptable eligibility criteria and benefit levels in the face of changing needs 103
• 3.5.3 Operations and delivery: enabling resilience and responsiveness 103
• Chapter 4. Strengthening social protection for all throughout the life course 105
• 4.1 Social protection for children and families 107
• Key messages 107
• 4.1.1 The role of social protection in addressing persistent poverty and socio-economic vulnerabilit 109
• 4.1.2 The importance of ensuring child-sensitive social protection systems 113
• 4.1.3 The state of effective coverage for children 118
• 4.1.4 Adequacy of social protection for children 121
• 4.1.5 Filling the financial gap in social protection for children 122
• 4.1.6 Priorities, and recommendations 124
• 4.2 Social protection for women and men of working age 127
• Key messages 127
• 4.2.1 Introduction: Making income security a reality 129
• 4.2.2 Maternity protection, paternity and parental leave benefits 133
• Key messages 133
• 4.2.3 Sickness benefits 145
• Key messages 145
• 4.2.4 Employment injury protection 155
• key messages 155
• 4.2.5 Disability benefits and other measures to promote the full and effective inclusion of person 167
• Key messages 167
• 4.2.6 Unemployment protection as an integrated approach 179
• Key messages 179
• 4.3 Social protection for older women and men: Pensions and other non-health benefits 193
• Key messages 193
• 4.3.1 Ensuring income security in old age to realize older people’s right to social security 195
• 4.3.2 Types of pension schemes 195
• 4.3.3 Legal coverage 197
• 4.3.4 Effective coverage: Monitoring SDG indicator 1.3.1 for older people 199
• 4.3.5 Expenditure on social protection for older people 203
• 4.3.6 Closing gender gaps in access to pensions 204
• 4.3.7 The adequacy of pensions to provide genuine income security to older people 206
• 4.3.8 Reforming pension systems in a challenging context 209
• 4.3.9 The climate crisis and the role of pension schemes 212
• 4.4 Social health protection: Towards universal health coverage 217
• Key messages 217
• 4.4.1 The crucial role of social health protection for a just transition 219
• 4.4.2 Population coverage 221
• 4.4.3 Adequacy 227
• 4.4.4 Persistent gaps in public financing for health 236
• Chapter 5. Policy orientations 239
• Key messages 241
• 5.1 Universal social protection for a fairer, more economically secure and greener future 243
• 5.2 Keeping the promise of leaving no one behind 243
• 5.2.1 Ensuring universal access to adequate social protection 243
• 5.2.2 Making social protection systems gender-responsive 246
• 5.2.3 Facilitating access to care and other services 247
• 5.2.4 Turning the tide: Can the climate crisis make health and well-being the focus of our economi 248
• 5.3 Reinforcing social protection systems: Policies, legal frameworks and institutional capacities 249
• 5.3.1 Enhancing national social protection policies, strategies and legal frameworks to make them f 249
• 5.3.2 Enhancing institutional capacities for better delivery and preparedness 251
• 5.4 Ensuring sustainable and equitable financing of social protection 252
• 5.5 Promoting universal social protection to advance social justice and a renewed social contract 255
• Annexes 257
• Annex 1 Glossary 259
• Annex 2 Measuring social protection coverage and expenditure 264
• Annex 3. Minimum requirements in international social security standards 279
• Annex 4 Ratification of up-to-date ILO social security Conventions 298
• Annex 5 Social protection effective coverage 307
• Annex 6 General government actual expenditure on social protection including and excluding health ca 335
• References 351
• WSPR_2024_ENb_xxvi.pdf 1
• Foreword 0
• Contents 0
• List of boxes 0
• List of figures 0
• List of tables 0
• Abbreviations 0
• Acknowledgements 0
• Executive summary 0
• Chapter 1. Contending with life-cycle and climate risks: The compelling case for universal social p 0
• Key messages 0
• 1.1 The challenge: Ensuring social protection to address the climate crisis and facilitate a just 0
• 1.2 The role of social protection in inclusive climate action and a just transition 0
• 1.3 The cost of inaction: The implications of a lack of social protection 0
• 1.4 Building the statistical knowledge base on social protection and monitoring relevant SDGs 0
• 1.5 Objective and structure of the report 0
• Chapter 2. From climate crisis to a just transition: The role of social protection 0
• Key messages 0
• 2.1 Social protection for a people-centred adaptation and loss and damage response 0
• 2.1.1 Reducing vulnerability through social protection 0
• 2.1.2 Prepare, respond, recover: Addressing climate-related shocks through social protection 0
• 2.1.3 Supporting inclusive adaptation and transformation through social protection 0
• 2.2 Social protection as an enabler for climate change mitigation and environmental protection 0
• 2.2.1 Cushioning distributional effects and providing compensation for carbon pricing, including fos 0
• 2.2.2 Facilitating a just transition for workers and enterprises 0
• 2.2.3 Directly contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental protection 0
• Chapter 3. Getting the basics right: Closing protection gaps and strengthening systems 0
• Key messages 0
• 3.1 Where do we stand in building social protection systems? 0
• 3.2 Coverage trends: Positive but too slow 0
• 3.2.1 Global and regional overview of social protection coverage (SDG indicator 1.3.1) 0
• 3.2.2 Coverage gaps for workers: Unpacking the “missing middle” 0
• 3.2.3 Protecting migrants 0
• 3.2.4 Social assistance coverage for vulnerable groups 0
• 3.2.5 Gender gaps: progress towards gender-responsive social protection systems 0
• 3.3 Comprehensive and adequate social protection 0
• 3.4 Social protection expenditure and financing 0
• 3.4.1 Level and structure of social protection expenditure 0
• 3.4.2 Filling the social protection floor financing gap 0
• 3.4.3 Ensuring equitable and sustainable social protection financing for a just transition 0
• 3.5 Adapting and strengthening institutional and operational capacities 0
• 3.5.1 Policy and governance: Increasing coherence and coordination between social protection and cli 0
• 3.5.2 Scheme design: adaptable eligibility criteria and benefit levels in the face of changing needs 0
• 3.5.3 Operations and delivery: enabling resilience and responsiveness 0
• Chapter 4. Strengthening social protection for all throughout the life course 0
• 4.1 Social protection for children and families 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.1.1 The role of social protection in addressing persistent poverty and socio-economic vulnerabilit 0
• 4.1.2 The importance of ensuring child-sensitive social protection systems 0
• 4.1.3 The state of effective coverage for children 0
• 4.1.4 Adequacy of social protection for children 0
• 4.1.5 Filling the financial gap in social protection for children 0
• 4.1.6 Priorities, and recommendations 0
• 4.2 Social protection for women and men of working age 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.1 Introduction: Making income security a reality 0
• 4.2.2 Maternity protection, paternity and parental leave benefits 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.3 Sickness benefits 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.4 Employment injury protection 0
• key messages 0
• 4.2.5 Disability benefits and other measures to promote the full and effective inclusion of person 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.6 Unemployment protection as an integrated approach 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.3 Social protection for older women and men: Pensions and other non-health benefits 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.3.1 Ensuring income security in old age to realize older people’s right to social security 0
• 4.3.2 Types of pension schemes 0
• 4.3.3 Legal coverage 0
• 4.3.4 Effective coverage: Monitoring SDG indicator 1.3.1 for older people 0
• 4.3.5 Expenditure on social protection for older people 0
• 4.3.6 Closing gender gaps in access to pensions 0
• 4.3.7 The adequacy of pensions to provide genuine income security to older people 0
• 4.3.8 Reforming pension systems in a challenging context 0
• 4.3.9 The climate crisis and the role of pension schemes 0
• 4.4 Social health protection: Towards universal health coverage 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.4.1 The crucial role of social health protection for a just transition 0
• 4.4.2 Population coverage 0
• 4.4.3 Adequacy 0
• 4.4.4 Persistent gaps in public financing for health 0
• Chapter 5. Policy orientations 0
• Key messages 0
• 5.1 Universal social protection for a fairer, more economically secure and greener future 0
• 5.2 Keeping the promise of leaving no one behind 0
• 5.2.1 Ensuring universal access to adequate social protection 0
• 5.2.2 Making social protection systems gender-responsive 0
• 5.2.3 Facilitating access to care and other services 0
• 5.2.4 Turning the tide: Can the climate crisis make health and well-being the focus of our economi 0
• 5.3 Reinforcing social protection systems: Policies, legal frameworks and institutional capacities 0
• 5.3.1 Enhancing national social protection policies, strategies and legal frameworks to make them f 0
• 5.3.2 Enhancing institutional capacities for better delivery and preparedness 0
• 5.4 Ensuring sustainable and equitable financing of social protection 0
• 5.5 Promoting universal social protection to advance social justice and a renewed social contract 0
• Annexes 0
• Annex 1 Glossary 0
• Annex 2 Measuring social protection coverage and expenditure 0
• References 0
• WSPR_2024_ENb_xxvi.pdf 1
• Foreword 0
• Contents 0
• List of boxes 0
• List of figures 0
• List of tables 0
• Abbreviations 0
• Acknowledgements 0
• Executive summary 0
• Chapter 1. Contending with life-cycle and climate risks: The compelling case for universal social p 0
• Key messages 0
• 1.1 The challenge: Ensuring social protection to address the climate crisis and facilitate a just 0
• 1.2 The role of social protection in inclusive climate action and a just transition 0
• 1.3 The cost of inaction: The implications of a lack of social protection 0
• 1.4 Building the statistical knowledge base on social protection and monitoring relevant SDGs 0
• 1.5 Objective and structure of the report 0
• Chapter 2. From climate crisis to a just transition: The role of social protection 0
• Key messages 0
• 2.1 Social protection for a people-centred adaptation and loss and damage response 0
• 2.1.1 Reducing vulnerability through social protection 0
• 2.1.2 Prepare, respond, recover: Addressing climate-related shocks through social protection 0
• 2.1.3 Supporting inclusive adaptation and transformation through social protection 0
• 2.2 Social protection as an enabler for climate change mitigation and environmental protection 0
• 2.2.1 Cushioning distributional effects and providing compensation for carbon pricing, including fos 0
• 2.2.2 Facilitating a just transition for workers and enterprises 0
• 2.2.3 Directly contributing to climate change mitigation and environmental protection 0
• Chapter 3. Getting the basics right: Closing protection gaps and strengthening systems 0
• Key messages 0
• 3.1 Where do we stand in building social protection systems? 0
• 3.2 Coverage trends: Positive but too slow 0
• 3.2.1 Global and regional overview of social protection coverage (SDG indicator 1.3.1) 0
• 3.2.2 Coverage gaps for workers: Unpacking the “missing middle” 0
• 3.2.3 Protecting migrants 0
• 3.2.4 Social assistance coverage for vulnerable groups 0
• 3.2.5 Gender gaps: progress towards gender-responsive social protection systems 0
• 3.3 Comprehensive and adequate social protection 0
• 3.4 Social protection expenditure and financing 0
• 3.4.1 Level and structure of social protection expenditure 0
• 3.4.2 Filling the social protection floor financing gap 0
• 3.4.3 Ensuring equitable and sustainable social protection financing for a just transition 0
• 3.5 Adapting and strengthening institutional and operational capacities 0
• 3.5.1 Policy and governance: Increasing coherence and coordination between social protection and cli 0
• 3.5.2 Scheme design: adaptable eligibility criteria and benefit levels in the face of changing needs 0
• 3.5.3 Operations and delivery: enabling resilience and responsiveness 0
• Chapter 4. Strengthening social protection for all throughout the life course 0
• 4.1 Social protection for children and families 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.1.1 The role of social protection in addressing persistent poverty and socio-economic vulnerabilit 0
• 4.1.2 The importance of ensuring child-sensitive social protection systems 0
• 4.1.3 The state of effective coverage for children 0
• 4.1.4 Adequacy of social protection for children 0
• 4.1.5 Filling the financial gap in social protection for children 0
• 4.1.6 Priorities, and recommendations 0
• 4.2 Social protection for women and men of working age 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.1 Introduction: Making income security a reality 0
• 4.2.2 Maternity protection, paternity and parental leave benefits 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.3 Sickness benefits 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.4 Employment injury protection 0
• key messages 0
• 4.2.5 Disability benefits and other measures to promote the full and effective inclusion of person 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.2.6 Unemployment protection as an integrated approach 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.3 Social protection for older women and men: Pensions and other non-health benefits 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.3.1 Ensuring income security in old age to realize older people’s right to social security 0
• 4.3.2 Types of pension schemes 0
• 4.3.3 Legal coverage 0
• 4.3.4 Effective coverage: Monitoring SDG indicator 1.3.1 for older people 0
• 4.3.5 Expenditure on social protection for older people 0
• 4.3.6 Closing gender gaps in access to pensions 0
• 4.3.7 The adequacy of pensions to provide genuine income security to older people 0
• 4.3.8 Reforming pension systems in a challenging context 0
• 4.3.9 The climate crisis and the role of pension schemes 0
• 4.4 Social health protection: Towards universal health coverage 0
• Key messages 0
• 4.4.1 The crucial role of social health protection for a just transition 0
• 4.4.2 Population coverage 0
• 4.4.3 Adequacy 0
• 4.4.4 Persistent gaps in public financing for health 0
• Chapter 5. Policy orientations 0
• Key messages 0
• 5.1 Universal social protection for a fairer, more economically secure and greener future 0
• 5.2 Keeping the promise of leaving no one behind 0
• 5.2.1 Ensuring universal access to adequate social protection 0
• 5.2.2 Making social protection systems gender-responsive 0
• 5.2.3 Facilitating access to care and other services 0
• 5.2.4 Turning the tide: Can the climate crisis make health and well-being the focus of our economi 0
• 5.3 Reinforcing social protection systems: Policies, legal frameworks and institutional capacities 0
• 5.3.1 Enhancing national social protection policies, strategies and legal frameworks to make them f 0
• 5.3.2 Enhancing institutional capacities for better delivery and preparedness 0
• 5.4 Ensuring sustainable and equitable financing of social protection 0
• 5.5 Promoting universal social protection to advance social justice and a renewed social contract 0
• Annexes 0
• Annex 1 Glossary 0
• Annex 2 Measuring social protection coverage and expenditure 0
• References 0