The views presented in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the perspectives either of their respective organisations or of the School Meals Coalition and its members. [...] In the third decade of the 21st century, the time has come to address the twin scourges of In 1906, Britain’s parliament laid one of the childhood hunger and poverty on the world stage. [...] It is visible in the efforts of xi School feeding and the SDGs Executive Summary National school feeding programmes, an an integral part of the country’s ‘zero hunger’ invention of the early 2oth century, retain a strategy, which, in the decade after 2003, profound relevance for some of the greatest produced one of the greatest human development human development challenges facing the success stor. [...] 3 School feeding and the SDGs • South Africa: One of the first acts of the reform movements developed narratives that country’s first post-apartheid government was connected their cause to the wider causes of child to establish a school meal programme targeting hunger and poverty, and to national concerns the country’s most disadvantaged children as over the consequences of failure to address thos. [...] the World Bank’s concessional International Development Association (IDA) facility.2 These 2.1 Children on the front line of countries account for the overwhelming SDG deficits majority of extreme poverty and malnutrition in the world and for a large and growing share of LICs and LMICs account for a large and the gap between the SDG targets and current growing share of the shortfalls in the progre.
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Table of Contents
- Acknowledgements 3
- Display items 7
- Acronyms 8
- Foreword 10
- Executive Summary 13
- 1 Introduction 19
- 2 The background – child poverty, malnutrition and the ‘learning crisis’ 28
- 2.1 Children on the front line of SDG deficits 28
- 2.2 The twin crisis in learning and school participation 33
- 2.3 The downward spiral of lost education, poverty and malnutrition 35
- 2.4 The ‘double burden’ – malnutrition with rising obesity 36
- 3 The multiple benefits of school feeding 39
- 3.1 Increasing enrolment, with better learning and greater equity 39
- 3.2 Under-utilising school feeding in the post-Covid response 43
- 3.3 Preventing obesity and overweight – the public health dimension 43
- 3.4 Unlocking the power of procurement 45
- 3.5 Counting the multiple benefits 47
- 4 Setting the 2030 ambition – scenarios for a global scale-up of school feeding 49
- 4.1 Current coverage – limited and variable quality 49
- 4.2 The school population – rising with demographic shifts and increased enrolment 51
- 4.3 Two scenarios for 2030 – high ambition and expansion with convergence 54
- 4.4 Estimating costs 55
- 4.5 Reaching the most deprived children – the case for ‘progressive universalism’ 59
- 5 National budgets and delivery costs: how governments can expand school feeding 65
- 5.1 Global and national budget allocations 65
- 5.2 The costs of universal provision through country studies – evidence from Rwanda and Sierra Leone 71
- 5.3 The humanitarian financing gap 74
- 6 Financing the scale-up – domestic resources and international cooperation 77
- 6.1 A financing partnership for delivery 77
- 6.2 The fiscal backdrop 78
- 6.3 Domestic resource mobilisation 80
- 6.4 International cooperation 84
- 6.5 Aid for school meals – limited and lacking in strategic direction. 85
- 6.6 ‘Debt-for-school-feeding’ swaps – limits and opportunities 87
- 6.7 Rethinking the aid delivery architecture – some lessons from the global health funds 89
- 7 Conclusions and recommendations – delivering through the Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty 92
- References 97
- Endnotes 117
- Box 1 Brazil: a mission-based approach to school feeding programmes 25
- Box 2 Indonesia’s double burden of malnutrition 38
- Box 3 The dilemmas of targeting – evidence from Kenya 63
- Box 4 Sierra Leone – the pathway to universal school meals 73
- Box 5 School feeding in a humanitarian environment – Ethiopia 76
- Box 6 Earmarking ‘sin taxes’ and redirecting general subsidies – the art of the possible 82
- Table 1 Children in monetary poverty 29
- Table 2 Stunting levels among children aged under-5 31
- Table 3 Rising obesity in the poorest countries 37
- Table 4 Cost estimates for expanding school meal coverage – Scenarios 1 and 2 58
- Table 5 Selected school feeding programmes – reported annual budgets, numbers of children covered, and allocations per child* 66
- Table 6 Estimated school meal financing costs – Rwanda and Sierra Leone 72
- Table 7 School meal rations and costs – selected WFP programmes, 2022 (current prices) 75
- Figure 1 Food insecurity among secondary school children 24
- Figure 2 Children in households living with hunger 30
- Figure 3 School feeding coverage vs deprivation 32
- Figure 4 School feeding coverage vs deprivation 33
- Figure 5 School meals and learning effects in Ghana 42
- Figure 6 School meal coverage – primary education, reported share and number of children (selected income groups and regions) 50
- Figure 7 Numbers of children enrolled in school - reported (2022) and projected (2030), pre-primary, primary, lower-secondary 53
- Figure 8 Scenario 1: The high ambition agenda – progression to 60% school meal coverage 54
- Figure 9 Scenario 2: Accelerated progress with convergence 54
- Figure 10 Estimated average annual cost of school meals per pupil – inflation-adjusted update 56
- Figure 11 School meals coverage and stunting 60
- Figure 12 School meals coverage and child poverty 61
- Figure 13 Bangladesh – the composition of the food baskets and costs 70
- Figure 14 The international aid effort on school feeding (US$ 2021 and selected shares) 85
