Authors
- Citation
- “ World Bank . 2024 . South Asia Development Update, October 2024: Women, Jobs, and Growth . © Washington, DC: World Bank . http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42002 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO . ”
- Collection(s)
- South Asia Development Update
- ISBN
- 978-1-4648-2170-7
- Pages
- 28
- Published in
- United States of America
- Rights
- CC BY 3.0 IGO
- Rights Holder
- World Bank
- Rights URI
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo
- UNIT
- The Office of the Chief Economist of the South Asia Region
- URI
- https://hdl.handle.net/10986/42002
- region geographical
- South Asia
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Table of Contents
- Chapter 2. Empower to Prosper Women Working for Growth 2
- Introduction 2
- Key questions 4
- Contributions 4
- Compares estimates of output effects. 4
- Compares the effects of multiple structural changes 4
- Examines the effects on female participation of the interaction between urbanization and social norms 4
- Examines the role of social norms and laws 5
- Main findings 5
- Output losses 5
- Barriers to employment 5
- Development and structural change 5
- Social norms versus labor market signals. 6
- Social norms and laws 6
- Policies 6
- Data 6
- Macroeconomic impact of closing the gender gap in labor force participation 7
- Regional impact 8
- Impact on South Asias output 1351 percent 8
- Mechanisms of impact 8
- Capital accumulation and technology 8
- Mobility and productivity differentials 8
- Differences in gender gaps across skill levels 8
- Occupational choice 8
- Sectoral composition. 9
- Labor demand Development and structural change 9
- Country impact 9
- Initial conditions. 9
- Development rising per capita incomes 10
- Findings from the literature. 10
- South Asias position in the U-curve. 10
- Shift toward services 10
- Findings from the literature. 10
- Shift toward services in South Asia. 10
- Below-average female employment shares in services 11
- Wage differentials in services. 11
- Urbanization 12
- Findings from the literature. 12
- Urbanization in South Asia 12
- Below-average female employment in cities 12
- Discrimination 13
- Income differentials 13
- Trade openness 13
- Findings from the literature Exports 13
- Cost competition. 13
- Wage differentials. 13
- Other factors 13
- Social norms 13
- Technology upgrading 14
- Structural change 14
- Findings from the literature Imports 14
- Comparative advantage. 14
- Labor market rigidities. 14
- Household income losses. 15
- Informality. 15
- Low trade openness in South Asia 15
- Positive association between export orientation and female labor force participation 15
- At the sector level 16
- At the subnational level 16
- Wage premium in export-oriented sectors 16
- Labor supply Barriers to female labor force participation 16
- Access to work outside the home 17
- Safe transport. 17
- Caregiving. 17
- Skills 17
- Education. 17
- Training. 17
- Social norms and flexible work. 18
- Labor market frictions 18
- Information asymmetries Labor demand. 18
- Information asymmetries Labor supply. 18
- Lack of support networks. 18
- Digital platforms and employer market power. 19
- Evidence from domestic workers in Bangladesh. 19
- Laws and social norms 19
- Legal framework 19
- Findings from the literature. 19
- Laws in South Asia 20
- Laws and female labor force participation rates in South Asia. 20
- Implementation of laws. 20
- Labor demand. 20
- Labor supply. 20
- Social norms 21
- Findings from the literature. 21
- Personal beliefs and social expectations in South Asia. 22
- Conservative personal beliefs 22
- Conservative social expectations 22
- Social norms and de jure laws. 22
- Introduction 23
- Data and methodology 23
- The role of laws social expectations and personal beliefs 24
- Social norms and implementation of laws 25
- Conclusion 26
- Social norms and de facto implementation of laws 27
- Policy implications for South Asia 27
- Labor demand 27
- Efficient capital markets 27
- Trade openness and competitiveness 27
- Introduction 28
- Methodology 29
- Marital status and labor force participation 29
- The role of education 29
- Conclusion 30
- Home-based work 31
- Labor market frictions 31
- Signaling 31
- Digitization 31
- Laws and norms 31
- Laws and their implementation 31
- Urbanization 31
- Labor supply 31
- Safe transport and workplaces 31
- Affordable childcare 31
- Social norms 32
- Quotas and role models 32
- Annex 2.1 Data 32
- Data 32
- Cross-country data 32
- Trade data 32
- Data on the legal framework 32
- Data on social norms 32
- GEGI model with fixed capital 33
- GEGI model with productivity differences in jobs 33
- Data on marriage and employment 33
- Annex 2.2 Assessing the effect on GDP of raising female labor force participation 33
- Baseline GEGI model 33
- GEGI model with skill differences among workers 34
- Structural occupational choice model as in Hsieh et al. 2019 34
- Structural model as in World Bank 2022a 34
- Caveats General equilibrium effects and welfare 35
- ANNEX 2.3 Discrimination in labor demand 35
- Introduction 36
- Contributions. 36
- Main fndings 36
- Design of the randomized control trial 36
- Extent of hiring discrimination and impact of subsidy 37
- Conclusion 37
- Annex 2.4. Social norms Review of the literature and measurement 38
- Impact of social norms on labor market outcomes 38
- Measurement of social norms 39
- References 48