Given this background, the objective of this paper is to (a) examine the growth of e-commerce in the Asia-Pacific region, (b) identify the growth drivers and the contribution of the sector to MSMEs, women entrepreneurs, and allied sectors like express delivery services, (c) examine the policy landscape and how it is evolving in APAC countries with a focus on learning from each other’s best practic. [...] Thus, even before the The increasing focus of governments on e-commerce pandemic, MSMEs were using e-commerce platforms and paperless trade has facilitated the growth of the for growth and exports, but during the pandemic, express delivery sector, which is closely linked to the the on-boarding into the e-commerce platform growth of e-commerce. [...] The Asia-Pacific region is the largest by its users like MSMEs, and the growth of contributor to the global express delivery industry infrastructure, logistics and the express delivery and accounted for around 40 per cent of the revenue in 2020 with India, China and Singapore being the system. [...] Some regulations like the WTO Trade the DEAs/DEPAs have deeper commitments on Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and the ESCAP most of the provisions than the JSI text and the Framework Agreement on Facilitation of Cross- ASEAN DEFA, which shows that the progress in border Paperless Trade in Asia and the Pacific (CPTA) the plurilateral and regional forums is slower affect both e-commerce and traditional. [...] 20 Table 4.2: Regulations on E-Commerce in Select Countries in APAC (as on March, 2024) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62 The Department of Attorney General is the national law enforcement and justice department of the Federal Government of the Commonwealth of Australia 63 The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) is an executive department under the Government of the Philippines.
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Table of Contents
- Indian Council for Research on 1
- International Economic Relations 1
- ARPITA MUKHERJEE KETAKI GAIKWAD AAHANA SRISHTI 1
- OCTOBER 1
- Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. i 2
- Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ii 2
- List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... iii 2
- 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2
- 1.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 2 2
- 1.2 Selection of APAC Countries for Data and Policy Mapping .......................................... 2 2
- 1.3 Layout of the Working Paper ...................................................................................... 3 2
- 2. Definition and Classification of E-Commerce ................................................................ 3 2
- 3. Overview of E-Commerce Sector in APAC ..................................................................... 4 2
- 3.1 Growth of E-Commerce in APAC .................................................................................. 4 2
- 3.2 Key Growth Drivers of E-Commerce Sector in APAC .................................................... 9 2
- 4. Regulations and Scope for Cross-border Regulatory Co-operation and Harmonisation 16 2
- 4.1 Model Legal Framework for E-Commerce Regulations ............................................. 19 2
- 4.2 Consumer Protection Regulations for Online Consumers .......................................... 24 2
- 4.3 Regulations on Data Protection in APAC Region ....................................................... 25 2
- 4.4 PoliciesInitiativesSupport Programmes for MSMEs and Women for On-boarding 2
- 4.5 Regulations on Artificial Intelligence AI .................................................................. 34 2
- 4.6 Regulations on Social Media ..................................................................................... 39 2
- 5. Challenges to E-Commerce in the APAC Region .......................................................... 39 2
- 5.1 Lack of Forums for Multi-Stakeholder Discussions Sharing of Best Practices and Policy 2
- Co-ordination ............................................................................................................ 39 2
- 5.2 Policy and Regulatory Challenges related to E-Commerce ........................................ 40 2
- 5.3 Cross-border Payment related Issues ........................................................................ 42 2
- 5.4 Limited Engagement of MSMEs and Women in E-commerce ................................... 43 2
- 6. Facilitating Cross-border E-Commerce through Collaborations and Partnerships The Way 2
- Forward ..................................................................................................................... 44 2
- 6.1 Forum for Policy Discussion and Greater International Co-ordination ...................... 45 2
- 6.2 Adoption of International Agreements in Domestic laws for Harmonisation of 2
- Regulations ............................................................................................................... 45 2
- 6.3 Establish and promote the use of Financial and Cross-Border E-Payment Systems .. 47 2
- 6.4 Need for Targeted and Result-Oriented Initiatives for MSMEs and Women ............. 48 2
- 7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 49 2
- References ...................................................................................................................... 50 2
- Appendix A ...................................................................................................................... 54 2
- Keywords 6
- Asia-Pacific E-commerce Trade Policy MSMEs. 6
- JEL classification 6
- L81 F13 F15 F23 6
- Authors email 6
- Arpitaicrier.res.in kgaikwadicrier.res.in aahana2517gmail.com 6
- Disclaimer 6
- Business-to-Business B2B 12
- Business-to-Consumer B2C 12
- Consumer-to-Business C2B 12
- Consumer-to-Consumer C2C 12
- Government-to-Government G2G 12
- Government-to-Business G2B 12
- Government-to-Citizens G2C 12
- 3.1.1 Growth of MSMEs Exports through 14
- E-commerce 14
- 3.1.2 Growing focus on Women Entrepreneurs in 15
- E-commerce in APAC 15
- Objective 15
- Support 15
- Key Highlights 15
- 3.1.3 Increasing use of social media for E-commerce 16
- 3.1.4 Express Delivery System and E-commerce 17
- 3.2.1 Increase in Disposable Income and the 17
- Number of Middle-class Consumers 17
- 3.2.2 Increasing Internet Penetration Surge in 17
- Demand for Digital Devices and Technological Developments 17
- 3.2.3 Growing Consumer Preference for Online 19
- Shopping 19
- 3.2.4 Growth of Fintech and Digital Payments 20
- 3.2.5 Growth of E-commerce and Technological 21
- Start-ups 21
- 3.2.6 Fast Digitalisation of MSMEs and other 21
- Industries 21
- 3.2.7 Growth of Social Commerce 22
- 3.2.8 Fast growth of EDS 23
- 3.2.9 Government Initiatives to Promote 23
- E-commerce 23
- 4.3.1 Cross-Border Data Protection and Data 35
- Sharing Agreements 35
- 4.3.2 Examples of Domestic Regulations on 36
- Protection of Personal Data 36
- 4.3.3 Examples of Domestic Regulations on 37
- Protection of Non-Personal Data 37
- 4.4.1 PoliciesInitiativesSupport Programmes for 38
- MSMEs 38
- 4.4.2 PoliciesInitiativesSupport Programmes for 39
- Women 39
- 5.2.1 Evolving Regulations and Heterogeneity in 48
- Regulations 48
- 5.2.2 Data Localisation 49
- 5.2.3 Issues with respect to Customs Regulation 49
- Digitalisation and Clearance Processes 49
- 5.2.4 Issues related to Taxation and Subsidies 49
- Indian Council for Research on 64
- International Economic Relations 64
