Social Class and Social Mobility

Conversely, because the level of need of the parent would decrease the higher the social class of the parent is, for a given social class of the offspring, the probability that offspring give support to their parents will decrease with parental social class. [...] In total the following 6 pairs of equations were estimated: 1) the probability of receiving and giving practical support 2) the probability of receiving and giving financial support 3) the probability of receiving practical support and giving financial support 4) the probability of receiving financial support and giving practical support 5) the probability of giving both practical and financial su. [...] Class differences are also evident in the degree of mutuality in the exchange of support between parents and their offspring but also in the degree of unconditional receiving and in the degree of giving: offspring in low and intermediate social class groups have a stronger tendency of exchanging support with their parents or giving them support without receiving support from them than offspring in. [...] In the giving financial support to parents equation, the characteristics with the strongest effects are the ethnicity, as well as the age and the survival status of the parents. [...] Overall, the evidence concerning the differences in the degree to which offspring give and receive support from parents by social class and intergenerational mobility, coupled with estimates for the associations for different socio-economic, demographic and health characteristics of the respondents and their parents provides strong empirical support for the conjecture that family intergenerational.