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Fiji National University

Table of Contents

• Introduction 13
• Figure 1 14
• Research framework. 14
• Bangladesh 26
• Figure 1 28
• Research framework. 28
• Figure 2 29
• Research design. 29
• Figure 3 34
• Bangladesh’s Smooth Transition Strategy. 34
• Figure 4 35
• Trends in SME output and GDP growth in Bangladesh. 35
• Figure 5 41
• Percentage of skilled manpower. 41
• Figure 6 41
• Percentage of firms lacking innovations. 41
• Figure 7 42
• Percentage of skilled development training. 42
• Figure 8 42
• Percentage of firms having limited access to finance. 42
• Figure 9 43
• Percentage of technology adoption. 43
• Figure 10 44
• Percentage of R&D infrastructure. 44
• Figure 11 48
• Total employees of BSRM. 48
• Figure 12 50
• Total employees of Masco Pikaso Ltd. 50
• Figure 13 52
• Guidelines for productive capacity development. 52
• Figure 14 53
• Structural transformation through digitalization and innovation for the economy. 53
• Cambodia 56
• Figure 1 57
• Analytical framework of the study. 57
• Figure 2A 61
• Decline in growth during the pandemic. 61
• Figure 2B 61
• Growth is driven by investment rather than productivity. 61
• Figure 3 64
• challenges that firms faced during COVID-19. 64
• Figure 4 65
• driving forces for implementing innovations during COVID-19. 65
• Figure 5 66
• Identifying innovations by the needs of firms. 66
• Figure 6 67
• Catalysts for technology and non-technology innovations during COVID-19. 67
• Figure 7 69
• Challenges faced by Amru Rice during the COVID-19 pandemic. 69
• Figure 8 70
• Driving forces that motivated Amru Rice to pursue productivity enhancement. 70
• Figure 9 71
• Needs of Amru Rice for productivity enhancement during the pandemic. 71
• Figure 10 72
• Challenges faced by YOU HENG Fish Sauce firm during the pandemic. 72
• Figure 11 73
• Driving forces that motivated YOU HENG Fish Sauce to pursue productivity enhancement. 73
• Figure 12 74
• Needs of YOU HENG Fish Sauce for productivity enhancement during the pandemic. 74
• Fiji 79
• Figure 1 82
• Research framework. 82
• Figure 2 83
• Real GDP growth. 83
• Figure 3 84
• Fiji visitor arrivals statistics. 84
• Figure 4 84
• Share of agriculture in Fiji’s GDP in %. 84
• Figure 5 85
• Value of tax concession. 85
• Figure 6 86
• Top 10 sectors for SMEs in Fiji. 86
• Figure 7 87
• Australian ODA to Fiji by sector, 2023–24 budget estimate. 87
• Figure 8 89
• Fiji Spending by focus area, 2007–19. 89
• Figure 9 92
• Challenges in productivity enhancement of private firms in Fiji. 92
• Figure 10 94
• Certifications for productivity enhancement of private firms in Fiji. 94
• Figure 11 94
• Fiji and the major markets. 94
• Figure 12 96
• Debt to GDP ratio. 96
• Figure 13 97
• Productivity enhancement initiatives. 97
• Figure 14 100
• The Rooster poultry brand. 100
• Figure 15 101
• Total employees. 101
• Figure 16 102
• The Raffe Group properties. 102
• Mongolia 108
• Figure 1 109
• Productivity involvement by sectors. 109
• Figure 2 114
• Real GDP of Mongolia 2019–22. 114
• Figure 3 115
• GDP share by industry. 115
• Figure 4 115
• LFP rate for 2019–23. 115
• Figure 5 116
• Productivity of business sectors, by classification of economic activities. 116
• Figure 6 117
• Relative to GDP, Mongolia’s performance is above expectations for its level of development. 117
• Figure 7 119
• Productivity in business sector, 2019–22. 119
• Figure 8 120
• Private sector firms in Mongolia. 120
• Figure 9 126
• Results of the survey done by SME agency of Mongolia in March–May 2020. 126
• Figure 10 130
• Bagro Food Factory products. 130
• Figure 11 131
• Sales growth for Bagro. 131
• Figure 12 131
• Bagro’s operating costs and general administrative expenses. 131
• Figure 13 131
• Value added at Bagro. 131
• Figure 14 132
• Inventory at Bagro. 132
• Figure 15 132
• Net profit at Bagro. 132
• Figure 16 132
• Capital productivity at Bagro. 132
• Figure 17 133
• Growth in number of employees at Bagro. 133
• Figure 18 133
• Labor productivity at Bagro. 133
• Figure 19 135
• Financing for SIA. 135
• Figure 20 136
• Financial performance of the organization. 136
• Figure 21 136
• Total cost in MNT million. 136
• Figure 22 136
• Sales performance of the organization. 136
• Figure 23 137
• Total operating cost and general administrative expenses. 137
• Figure 24 137
• Value added performance of the organization. 137
• Figure 25 137
• Labor productivity of the organization. 137
• Pakistan 151
• Figure 1 155
• Report structure. 155
• Figure 2 157
• World GDP and selected countries, 2018–21. 157
• Figure 3 158
• World merchandise trade. 158
• Figure 4 159
• World services by category (percent change during 2019–21). 159
• Figure 5 160
• Change in Synthetic Activity Index 2020. 160
• Figure 6 162
• Analysis of three basic economic sector of Pakistan. 162
• Figure 7 164
• Impact of pandemic on industrial activities. 164
• Figure 8 165
• Large-scale manufacturing industries. 165
• Figure 9 168
• Key financial challenges based on primary data. 168
• Figure 10 169
• Key financial issues based on secondary data. 169
• Figure 11 170
• Business and operational challenges based on primary and secondary data. 170
• Figure 12 171
• Survival duration and preparedness against the pandemic crisis. 171
• Figure 13 173
• Strategies opted based on primary data. 173
• Figure 14 174
• Strategies opted based on secondary data. 174
• Figure 15 175
• Driving forces for organizations. 175
• Figure 16 179
• Relationship between business interventions and increased productivity. 179
• Figure 17 179
• Relationship between workforce and interventions and increased productivity. 179
• Figure B1 192
• Variations in world trade volumes, 2018–22. 192
• Figure B2 192
• Shares of various services in the services sector. 192
• Figure B3 193
• Industrial and manufacturing value addition growth, world vs Asia. 193
• Figure B4 194
• Services sectors’ shares, 2018–21. 194
• Figure B5 195
• Variations in large-scale manufacturing output, 2018–21. 195
• Figure B6 196
• Major sectors in Pakistan’s exports and imports. 196
• Figure B7 197
• World merchandise and services volume in trillion USD. 197
• Figure B8 198
• World manufacturing output in percentage. 198
• Sri Lanka 199
• Figure 1 200
• Research framework. 200
• Figure 2 205
• Likely risk of businesses shutting down due to the crisis. 205
• Figure 3 206
• Coping strategies during COVID-19 and Economic Crisis periods. 206
• Figure 4 207
• Employment strategies adopted by firms during crisis periods. 207
• Figure 5 207
• Skill development model used by firms. 207
• Figure 6 209
• Constraints that impeded firms’ recovery. 209
• Figure 7 212
• HPT products. 212
• Introduction 13
• Table 1 15
• Micro, small, medium, and large enterprises by country. 15
• Table 2 16
• Number of SMEs and their contribution to GDP by country. 16
• Table 3 16
• Labor productivity per worker and per hour in 2021. 16
• Table 4 17
• Average growth rate of labor productivity per worker. 17
• Table 5 17
• Total factor productivity. 17
• Table 6 18
• Government initiatives for business recovery during COVID-19. 18
• Table 7 19
• Enterprises’ challenges, successes, and productivity enhancement during COVID-19. 19
• Table 8 21
• Challenges and needs for productivity enhancement. 21
• Bangladesh 26
• Table 1 30
• Historical data for GDP, per capita income, and GDP growth rate in Bangladesh. 30
• Table-2 31
• Contribution of different sectors to GDP. 31
• Table 3 31
• Contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP. 31
• Table 4 31
• Contribution of the services sector to GDP. 31
• Table 5 32
• Contribution of the agriculture sector to GDP. 32
• Table 6 32
• Major socioeconomic indicators of Bangladesh. 32
• Table 7 34
• Volume and growth rate of manufacturing sector (at 2015–16 constant prices). 34
• Table 8 35
• Classification of enterprises. 35
• Table 9 45
• Technological innovation and non-technological innovation. 45
• Cambodia 56
• Table 1 76
• Guidelines and recommendations for productivity enhancement. 76
• Fiji 79
• Table 1 99
• Indicators of business resilience. 99
• Table 2 99
• Innovative strategies of the five firms studied. 99
• Mongolia 108
• Table 1 109
• Productivity movement value network. 109
• Table 2 116
• Mongolia’s productivity indicators before and after the pandemic. 116
• Table 3 116
• GDP per capita. 116
• Table 4 116
• Labor, capital, and total factor productivity trends in Mongolia. 116
• Table 5 118
• Strengths and weaknesses for Mongolia in GII. 118
• Table 6 118
• SMEs and their role in the economy. 118
• Pakistan 151
• Table 1 154
• The enterprises selected for in-depth interviews. 154
• Table 2 156
• Criterion of small, medium, and large enterprises. 156
• Table 3 176
• Best practices implemented during the pandemic period. 176
• Table 4 177
• Best practices implemented by textile firms during the pandemic. 177
• Table A1 184
• Impact of COVID-19 on global economy. 184
• Table A2 184
• World Trade Statistics, 2018–22. 184
• Table A3 185
• World merchandise trade statistics, 2018–22. 185
• Table A4 185
• World merchandise and services import–export statistics, 2018–22. 185
• Table A5 186
• World services share by category including percentage change. 186
• Table A6 186
• Global share of major services by category including percentage change. 186
• Table A7 187
• World transport services percentage. 187
• Table A8 187
• Comparison of world indicators, 1990 vs 2021. 187
• Table A9 187
• Manufacturing value addition, 2018–21. 187
• Table A10 188
• Industrial value addition (2018–2021). 188
• Table A11 189
• Labor force statistics for Pakistan, 2018–20. 189
• Table A12 189
• Sectoral share in GDP of Pakistan. 189
• Table A13 190
• Share of services sector and its subsectors, in Pakistan. 190
• Table A14 190
• Share of industrial sector in Pakistan. 190
• Table A15 190
• Import and export percentage in Pakistan, 2018–22. 190
• Sri Lanka 199
• Table 1 201
• Impact of multiple crises on employment in Sri Lanka relative to 2019. 201
• Table 2 201
• Impact of multiple crises on GDP in Sri Lanka relative to 2019 in LKR million. 201
• Table 3 202
• Labor productivity, productive efficiency, and employment by industry sub-sector, 2022 202
• Table 4 203
• Impact of multiple crises on enterprise performance, with recovery rate in %. 203
• Table 5 203
• Financial obligations of sample firms as at the end of 2022 per enterprise. 203
• Table 6 204
• Labor productivity by subsector in LKR at constant prices. 204
• Table 7 205
• abor productivity by enterprise size in LKR at constant prices. 205
• Table 8 208
• Sri Lanka in the Global Index of Digital Entrepreneurship Systems, 2021. 208
• Table 9 208
• Status of using digital technologies in business operations (%). 208
• Table 10 210
• Characteristics of case-study firms by their industry sectors, 2023–14. 210
• FOREWORD 1
• Executive Summary 11
• Introduction 13
• Research Framework and Research Methodology 13
• Definition of Productivity 13
• Business Performance and Productivity Level 14
• Business Performance 14
• Productivity 16
• Analysis of Productivity Enhancement and Its Relation with Business Growth 17
• Conclusion and Recommendations 22
• Recommendations 23
• References 23
• Bangladesh 26
• Executive Summary 26
• Introduction 27
• Research Objectives 27
• Research Methodology and Approach 28
• Sampling 28
• Research Framework 28
• Scope and Limitations 29
• Report Structure 29
• Economic and Business Performance 29
• Economic Performance 29
• Business Performance 34
• Government Policies and Initiatives During and after COVID-19 36
• Financial Policy and Support Initiatives 36
• Bangladesh Bank’s Key Initiatives 37
• Other Policy and Support Initiatives 38
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs for Productivity Enhancement 41
• Challenges in Enhancing Firm Productivity 41
• Driving Forces 44
• Needs for Firm-level Productivity Enhancement 45
• Case Studies 46
• Case Study 1: BSRM Steels Limited 46
• Case Study 2: Masco Pikaso Ltd 47
• Guidelines for Productivity Enhancement 50
• Productivity Improvement Initiative 50
• Conclusion 53
• References 54
• Appendix 55
• Cambodia 56
• Executive Summary 56
• Introduction 56
• Background 56
• Research Objectives 56
• Research Methodology 57
• Scope and Limitation 58
• Report Structure 60
• Economic Performance 60
• Government Policies, Regulations, and Initiatives for Private Sector’s Development 62
• Government Policies and Regulations 62
• Initiatives or Support Programs 62
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs of Productivity Enhancement 63
• Challenges 63
• Driving Forces 64
• Needs for Productivity Enhancement 65
• Keys Successes 67
• Case Study 1: Amru Rice (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 68
• Case Study 2: YOU HENG Fish Sauce 72
• Relationship between Business Resilience and Productivity 75
• Conclusion and Recommendations 76
• References 77
• Fiji 79
• Executive Summary 79
• Introduction 79
• Research Objectives 81
• Research Methodology 82
• Scope and Limitation 83
• Report Structure 83
• Economic and Business Performance 83
• Economic Performance 83
• Business Performance, including Number of Enterprises and Nature of Business 86
• Government Priority Sectors 86
• Government Policies, Regulations, and Initiatives toward Private Sector’s Development 88
• Government Policies and Regulations 88
• Initiatives or Support Programs 89
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs of Productivity Enhancement 92
• Challenges in Enhancing Firm Productivity 92
• Needs of Productivity Enhancement 95
• Relationship between Business Resilience and Productivity 98
• Business Resilience 98
• Case Study 1: Future Farms Limited, Trading as Rooster Poultry 100
• Case Study 2: Raffe Group of Hotels and Resorts 102
• Guidelines 105
• Productivity Improvement Initiatives 105
• Innovation 105
• References 106
• Mongolia 108
• Executive Summary 108
• Introduction 108
• Definition of Productivity 111
• Research Objective 112
• Research Methodology and Approaches 112
• Scope and Limitations 113
• Economic and Business Performance 113
• Economic Performance 113
• Business Performance 118
• Government Policies, Regulations, and Initiatives toward Private Sector’s Development 121
• Government Policies and Regulations 121
• Initiatives or Support Programs 121
• Government Priority Sectors 123
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs for Productivity Enhancement 123
• Relationship Between Business Resilience and Productivity 126
• Case Study 1: Bagro LLC 129
• Digital Transformation and Productivity 135
• Case Study 2. Social Insurance Authority 135
• Conclusion and Recommendations 142
• Recommendations for the MPO 143
• Recommendations for Government Agencies 143
• Recommendations for SMEs 143
• References 144
• Annexure 145
• Annexure 1. Interview Questionnaire 145
• Annexure 2. Business Resilience Survey 147
• Annexure 3. Digital Transformation Readiness Survey 149
• Pakistan 151
• Executive Summary 151
• Introduction 152
• Research Objectives 153
• Methodology 153
• Selection Criteria 153
• Scope and Limitations 154
• Definitions 155
• SMEs and Large Enterprises in Pakistan 156
• Business Performance in Pakistan and COVID-19 156
• Government Policies 166
• Challenges 167
• Strategies and Driving Forces 172
• Case Studies 175
• Relationship between Business Resilience and Productivity 178
• Needs for Productivity Enhancement 180
• Conclusion 180
• References 181
• Appendix A: Tables 184
• Appendix B: Figures 192
• Sri Lanka 199
• Introduction 199
• Objectives and methodology 199
• Impact of Multiple Crisis on Business-sector Enterprises 201
• Analysis of Survey Results 202
• Results of Cross-sectional Sample Survey 202
• Case Studies 209
• Summary and Conclusions 215
• References 216
• LIST OF TABLES 217
• LIST OF FIGURES 219
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 222
• List of Contributors 225
• VII.pdf 1
• Introduction 13
• Figure 1 14
• Research framework. 14
• Bangladesh 26
• Figure 1 28
• Research framework. 28
• Figure 2 29
• Research design. 29
• Figure 3 34
• Bangladesh’s Smooth Transition Strategy. 34
• Figure 4 35
• Trends in SME output and GDP growth in Bangladesh. 35
• Figure 5 41
• Percentage of skilled manpower. 41
• Figure 6 41
• Percentage of firms lacking innovations. 41
• Figure 7 42
• Percentage of skilled development training. 42
• Figure 8 42
• Percentage of firms having limited access to finance. 42
• Figure 9 43
• Percentage of technology adoption. 43
• Figure 10 44
• Percentage of R&D infrastructure. 44
• Figure 11 48
• Total employees of BSRM. 48
• Figure 12 50
• Total employees of Masco Pikaso Ltd. 50
• Figure 13 52
• Guidelines for productive capacity development. 52
• Figure 14 53
• Structural transformation through digitalization and innovation for the economy. 53
• Cambodia 56
• Figure 1 57
• Analytical framework of the study. 57
• Figure 2A 61
• Decline in growth during the pandemic. 61
• Figure 2B 61
• Growth is driven by investment rather than productivity. 61
• Figure 3 64
• challenges that firms faced during COVID-19. 64
• Figure 4 65
• driving forces for implementing innovations during COVID-19. 65
• Figure 5 66
• Identifying innovations by the needs of firms. 66
• Figure 6 67
• Catalysts for technology and non-technology innovations during COVID-19. 67
• Figure 7 69
• Challenges faced by Amru Rice during the COVID-19 pandemic. 69
• Figure 8 70
• Driving forces that motivated Amru Rice to pursue productivity enhancement. 70
• Figure 9 71
• Needs of Amru Rice for productivity enhancement during the pandemic. 71
• Figure 10 72
• Challenges faced by YOU HENG Fish Sauce firm during the pandemic. 72
• Figure 11 73
• Driving forces that motivated YOU HENG Fish Sauce to pursue productivity enhancement. 73
• Figure 12 74
• Needs of YOU HENG Fish Sauce for productivity enhancement during the pandemic. 74
• Fiji 79
• Figure 1 82
• Research framework. 82
• Figure 2 83
• Real GDP growth. 83
• Figure 3 84
• Fiji visitor arrivals statistics. 84
• Figure 4 84
• Share of agriculture in Fiji’s GDP in %. 84
• Figure 5 85
• Value of tax concession. 85
• Figure 6 86
• Top 10 sectors for SMEs in Fiji. 86
• Figure 7 87
• Australian ODA to Fiji by sector, 2023–24 budget estimate. 87
• Figure 8 89
• Fiji Spending by focus area, 2007–19. 89
• Figure 9 92
• Challenges in productivity enhancement of private firms in Fiji. 92
• Figure 10 94
• Certifications for productivity enhancement of private firms in Fiji. 94
• Figure 11 94
• Fiji and the major markets. 94
• Figure 12 96
• Debt to GDP ratio. 96
• Figure 13 97
• Productivity enhancement initiatives. 97
• Figure 14 100
• The Rooster poultry brand. 100
• Figure 15 101
• Total employees. 101
• Figure 16 102
• The Raffe Group properties. 102
• Mongolia 108
• Figure 1 109
• Productivity involvement by sectors. 109
• Figure 2 114
• Real GDP of Mongolia 2019–22. 114
• Figure 3 115
• GDP share by industry. 115
• Figure 4 115
• LFP rate for 2019–23. 115
• Figure 5 116
• Productivity of business sectors, by classification of economic activities. 116
• Figure 6 117
• Relative to GDP, Mongolia’s performance is above expectations for its level of development. 117
• Figure 7 119
• Productivity in business sector, 2019–22. 119
• Figure 8 120
• Private sector firms in Mongolia. 120
• Figure 9 126
• Results of the survey done by SME agency of Mongolia in March–May 2020. 126
• Figure 10 130
• Bagro Food Factory products. 130
• Figure 11 131
• Sales growth for Bagro. 131
• Figure 12 131
• Bagro’s operating costs and general administrative expenses. 131
• Figure 13 131
• Value added at Bagro. 131
• Figure 14 132
• Inventory at Bagro. 132
• Figure 15 132
• Net profit at Bagro. 132
• Figure 16 132
• Capital productivity at Bagro. 132
• Figure 17 133
• Growth in number of employees at Bagro. 133
• Figure 18 133
• Labor productivity at Bagro. 133
• Figure 19 135
• Financing for SIA. 135
• Figure 20 136
• Financial performance of the organization. 136
• Figure 21 136
• Total cost in MNT million. 136
• Figure 22 136
• Sales performance of the organization. 136
• Figure 23 137
• Total operating cost and general administrative expenses. 137
• Figure 24 137
• Value added performance of the organization. 137
• Figure 25 137
• Labor productivity of the organization. 137
• Pakistan 151
• Figure 1 155
• Report structure. 155
• Figure 2 157
• World GDP and selected countries, 2018–21. 157
• Figure 3 158
• World merchandise trade. 158
• Figure 4 159
• World services by category (percent change during 2019–21). 159
• Figure 5 160
• Change in Synthetic Activity Index 2020. 160
• Figure 6 162
• Analysis of three basic economic sector of Pakistan. 162
• Figure 7 164
• Impact of pandemic on industrial activities. 164
• Figure 8 165
• Large-scale manufacturing industries. 165
• Figure 9 168
• Key financial challenges based on primary data. 168
• Figure 10 169
• Key financial issues based on secondary data. 169
• Figure 11 170
• Business and operational challenges based on primary and secondary data. 170
• Figure 12 171
• Survival duration and preparedness against the pandemic crisis. 171
• Figure 13 173
• Strategies opted based on primary data. 173
• Figure 14 174
• Strategies opted based on secondary data. 174
• Figure 15 175
• Driving forces for organizations. 175
• Figure 16 179
• Relationship between business interventions and increased productivity. 179
• Figure 17 179
• Relationship between workforce and interventions and increased productivity. 179
• Figure B1 192
• Variations in world trade volumes, 2018–22. 192
• Figure B2 192
• Shares of various services in the services sector. 192
• Figure B3 193
• Industrial and manufacturing value addition growth, world vs Asia. 193
• Figure B4 194
• Services sectors’ shares, 2018–21. 194
• Figure B5 195
• Variations in large-scale manufacturing output, 2018–21. 195
• Figure B6 196
• Major sectors in Pakistan’s exports and imports. 196
• Figure B7 197
• World merchandise and services volume in trillion USD. 197
• Figure B8 198
• World manufacturing output in percentage. 198
• Sri Lanka 199
• Figure 1 200
• Research framework. 200
• Figure 2 205
• Likely risk of businesses shutting down due to the crisis. 205
• Figure 3 206
• Coping strategies during COVID-19 and Economic Crisis periods. 206
• Figure 4 207
• Employment strategies adopted by firms during crisis periods. 207
• Figure 5 207
• Skill development model used by firms. 207
• Figure 6 209
• Constraints that impeded firms’ recovery. 209
• Figure 7 212
• HPT products. 212
• Introduction 13
• Table 1 15
• Micro, small, medium, and large enterprises by country. 15
• Table 2 16
• Number of SMEs and their contribution to GDP by country. 16
• Table 3 16
• Labor productivity per worker and per hour in 2021. 16
• Table 4 17
• Average growth rate of labor productivity per worker. 17
• Table 5 17
• Total factor productivity. 17
• Table 6 18
• Government initiatives for business recovery during COVID-19. 18
• Table 7 19
• Enterprises’ challenges, successes, and productivity enhancement during COVID-19. 19
• Table 8 21
• Challenges and needs for productivity enhancement. 21
• Bangladesh 26
• Table 1 30
• Historical data for GDP, per capita income, and GDP growth rate in Bangladesh. 30
• Table-2 31
• Contribution of different sectors to GDP. 31
• Table 3 31
• Contribution of the manufacturing sector to GDP. 31
• Table 4 31
• Contribution of the services sector to GDP. 31
• Table 5 32
• Contribution of the agriculture sector to GDP. 32
• Table 6 32
• Major socioeconomic indicators of Bangladesh. 32
• Table 7 34
• Volume and growth rate of manufacturing sector (at 2015–16 constant prices). 34
• Table 8 35
• Classification of enterprises. 35
• Table 9 45
• Technological innovation and non-technological innovation. 45
• Cambodia 56
• Table 1 76
• Guidelines and recommendations for productivity enhancement. 76
• Fiji 79
• Table 1 99
• Indicators of business resilience. 99
• Table 2 99
• Innovative strategies of the five firms studied. 99
• Mongolia 108
• Table 1 109
• Productivity movement value network. 109
• Table 2 116
• Mongolia’s productivity indicators before and after the pandemic. 116
• Table 3 116
• GDP per capita. 116
• Table 4 116
• Labor, capital, and total factor productivity trends in Mongolia. 116
• Table 5 118
• Strengths and weaknesses for Mongolia in GII. 118
• Table 6 118
• SMEs and their role in the economy. 118
• Pakistan 151
• Table 1 154
• The enterprises selected for in-depth interviews. 154
• Table 2 156
• Criterion of small, medium, and large enterprises. 156
• Table 3 176
• Best practices implemented during the pandemic period. 176
• Table 4 177
• Best practices implemented by textile firms during the pandemic. 177
• Table A1 184
• Impact of COVID-19 on global economy. 184
• Table A2 184
• World Trade Statistics, 2018–22. 184
• Table A3 185
• World merchandise trade statistics, 2018–22. 185
• Table A4 185
• World merchandise and services import–export statistics, 2018–22. 185
• Table A5 186
• World services share by category including percentage change. 186
• Table A6 186
• Global share of major services by category including percentage change. 186
• Table A7 187
• World transport services percentage. 187
• Table A8 187
• Comparison of world indicators, 1990 vs 2021. 187
• Table A9 187
• Manufacturing value addition, 2018–21. 187
• Table A10 188
• Industrial value addition (2018–2021). 188
• Table A11 189
• Labor force statistics for Pakistan, 2018–20. 189
• Table A12 189
• Sectoral share in GDP of Pakistan. 189
• Table A13 190
• Share of services sector and its subsectors, in Pakistan. 190
• Table A14 190
• Share of industrial sector in Pakistan. 190
• Table A15 190
• Import and export percentage in Pakistan, 2018–22. 190
• Sri Lanka 199
• Table 1 201
• Impact of multiple crises on employment in Sri Lanka relative to 2019. 201
• Table 2 201
• Impact of multiple crises on GDP in Sri Lanka relative to 2019 in LKR million. 201
• Table 3 202
• Labor productivity, productive efficiency, and employment by industry sub-sector, 2022 202
• Table 4 203
• Impact of multiple crises on enterprise performance, with recovery rate in %. 203
• Table 5 203
• Financial obligations of sample firms as at the end of 2022 per enterprise. 203
• Table 6 204
• Labor productivity by subsector in LKR at constant prices. 204
• Table 7 205
• abor productivity by enterprise size in LKR at constant prices. 205
• Table 8 208
• Sri Lanka in the Global Index of Digital Entrepreneurship Systems, 2021. 208
• Table 9 208
• Status of using digital technologies in business operations (%). 208
• Table 10 210
• Characteristics of case-study firms by their industry sectors, 2023–14. 210
• FOREWORD 9
• Executive Summary 11
• Introduction 13
• Research Framework and Research Methodology 13
• Definition of Productivity 13
• Business Performance and Productivity Level 14
• Business Performance 14
• Productivity 16
• Analysis of Productivity Enhancement and Its Relation with Business Growth 17
• Conclusion and Recommendations 22
• Recommendations 23
• References 23
• Bangladesh 26
• Executive Summary 26
• Introduction 27
• Research Objectives 27
• Research Methodology and Approach 28
• Sampling 28
• Research Framework 28
• Scope and Limitations 29
• Report Structure 29
• Economic and Business Performance 29
• Economic Performance 29
• Business Performance 34
• Government Policies and Initiatives During and after COVID-19 36
• Financial Policy and Support Initiatives 36
• Bangladesh Bank’s Key Initiatives 37
• Other Policy and Support Initiatives 38
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs for Productivity Enhancement 41
• Challenges in Enhancing Firm Productivity 41
• Driving Forces 44
• Needs for Firm-level Productivity Enhancement 45
• Case Studies 46
• Case Study 1: BSRM Steels Limited 46
• Case Study 2: Masco Pikaso Ltd 47
• Guidelines for Productivity Enhancement 50
• Productivity Improvement Initiative 50
• Conclusion 53
• References 54
• Appendix 55
• Cambodia 56
• Executive Summary 56
• Introduction 56
• Background 56
• Research Objectives 56
• Research Methodology 57
• Scope and Limitation 58
• Report Structure 60
• Economic Performance 60
• Government Policies, Regulations, and Initiatives for Private Sector’s Development 62
• Government Policies and Regulations 62
• Initiatives or Support Programs 62
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs of Productivity Enhancement 63
• Challenges 63
• Driving Forces 64
• Needs for Productivity Enhancement 65
• Keys Successes 67
• Case Study 1: Amru Rice (Cambodia) Co., Ltd. 68
• Case Study 2: YOU HENG Fish Sauce 72
• Relationship between Business Resilience and Productivity 75
• Conclusion and Recommendations 76
• References 77
• Fiji 79
• Executive Summary 79
• Introduction 79
• Research Objectives 81
• Research Methodology 82
• Scope and Limitation 83
• Report Structure 83
• Economic and Business Performance 83
• Economic Performance 83
• Business Performance, including Number of Enterprises and Nature of Business 86
• Government Priority Sectors 86
• Government Policies, Regulations, and Initiatives toward Private Sector’s Development 88
• Government Policies and Regulations 88
• Initiatives or Support Programs 89
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs of Productivity Enhancement 92
• Challenges in Enhancing Firm Productivity 92
• Needs of Productivity Enhancement 95
• Relationship between Business Resilience and Productivity 98
• Business Resilience 98
• Case Study 1: Future Farms Limited, Trading as Rooster Poultry 100
• Case Study 2: Raffe Group of Hotels and Resorts 102
• Guidelines 105
• Productivity Improvement Initiatives 105
• Innovation 105
• References 106
• Mongolia 108
• Executive Summary 108
• Introduction 108
• Definition of Productivity 111
• Research Objective 112
• Research Methodology and Approaches 112
• Scope and Limitations 113
• Economic and Business Performance 113
• Economic Performance 113
• Business Performance 118
• Government Policies, Regulations, and Initiatives toward Private Sector’s Development 121
• Government Policies and Regulations 121
• Initiatives or Support Programs 121
• Government Priority Sectors 123
• Challenges, Driving Forces, and Needs for Productivity Enhancement 123
• Relationship Between Business Resilience and Productivity 126
• Case Study 1: Bagro LLC 129
• Digital Transformation and Productivity 135
• Case Study 2. Social Insurance Authority 135
• Conclusion and Recommendations 142
• Recommendations for the MPO 143
• Recommendations for Government Agencies 143
• Recommendations for SMEs 143
• References 144
• Annexure 145
• Annexure 1. Interview Questionnaire 145
• Annexure 2. Business Resilience Survey 147
• Annexure 3. Digital Transformation Readiness Survey 149
• Pakistan 151
• Executive Summary 151
• Introduction 152
• Research Objectives 153
• Methodology 153
• Selection Criteria 153
• Scope and Limitations 154
• Definitions 155
• SMEs and Large Enterprises in Pakistan 156
• Business Performance in Pakistan and COVID-19 156
• Government Policies 166
• Challenges 167
• Strategies and Driving Forces 172
• Case Studies 175
• Relationship between Business Resilience and Productivity 178
• Needs for Productivity Enhancement 180
• Conclusion 180
• References 181
• Appendix A: Tables 184
• Appendix B: Figures 192
• Sri Lanka 199
• Introduction 199
• Objectives and methodology 199
• Impact of Multiple Crisis on Business-sector Enterprises 201
• Analysis of Survey Results 202
• Results of Cross-sectional Sample Survey 202
• Case Studies 209
• Summary and Conclusions 215
• References 216
• LIST OF TABLES 217
• LIST OF FIGURES 219
• LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 222
• List of Contributors 225