Designing Competition Policy for Economic Development in Asia and the Pacific

Table of Contents

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• Designing Competition Policy_7th Proof_Web Ready.pdf 2
• Table 3.1: Trade Agreements with Competition Chapter Concluded by Japan 76
• Table 3.2: Interagency Cooperation Memorandums and/or Arrangements including Technical Assistance Provisions Concluded by Japan Fair Trade Commission 80
• Table 3.3: Effect of Participation in GATT/WTO on Competition Policy 85
• Table 3.4: Encompassing Regression of Competition Law 87
• Table 3.5: Effect on Budget Size of Competition Agencies 89
• Table 4.1: Business Practices on Select Asian Countries 118
• Table 5.1: Summary Statistics of Normalized Key Time Series Variables 145
• Table 5.2: Country Ranking according to Index of Resources 152
• Table 5.3: Legal Systems of Economies in Asia and the Pacific 155
• Table 5.4: Conduct Competition Authorities (survey respondents) 156
• Table 5.5: Conduct Advocacy Activities (survey respondents) 159
• Table 5.6: Mergers and Public Interest (survey respondents) 161
• Table 5.7: Country Ranking according to Competition Policy Index of Enforcement Intensity 164
• Table 5.8: Country Ranking According to Overall Competition Policy (2021) 166
• Table 6.1: Estimated Price Cost Margin Before and After Trade Reforms 182
• Table 6.2: Pros and Cons of Mandatory and Voluntary Merger Notification Regimes 190
• Table 6.4: Types of Approvals under the Philippine Competition Commission’s Merger Review Regime 192
• Table 6.3: Annual Statistics on Merger Review for the Philippines 192
• Table 6.5: Comparison of the Full Market Approach vs. Presumption Approach 199
• Table 6.6: Characteristics of the Initial Assessment and Preliminary Inquiry 204
• Table 7.1: Share of Rice to Total Spending, by Per Capita Income Deciles (%) 228
• Table 7.2: Share of Telecommunications Services to Total Spending, by Per Capita Income Deciles (%) 229
• Table 7.3: Estimated Price Change and Related Parameters 231
• Table 7.4: Expenditures on Rice and Potential Distributive Impact of Greater Competition 233
• Table 7.5: Estimated Effects on Poverty and Inequality of Changes in Competition in Rice Sector 234
• Table 7.6: Estimated Price Change and Related Parameters (Telecommunications) 235
• Table 7.7: Expenditures on Telecommunications and Potential Distributive Impact of Greater Competition 236
• Table 7.8: Estimated Effects on Poverty and Inequality of Changes in Competition in Telecommunications Sector 237
• Table 8.1: Comprehensive Competition Policy Framework 246
• Table 8.2: Competition Laws and Competition Authorities in Selected Countries in Asia and the Pacific 251
• Table 8.3: Maximum Share of Foreign Direct Investment by Sector 264
• Table 9.1: Sales of Leading Modern Food Retail Chains in Developing Asia, 2000s 278
• Table 9.2: The Names of Three Largest Food Retailers, Selected Countries, 2010, 2015, and 2020 281
• Table A9.1: Examples of Top Conglomerates in South Asia and Southeast Asia 298
• Table 10.1: Comparison of Alternative Finance with Conventional Loans 313
• Table 10.2: Bali Fintech Agenda Elements: Balancing Opportunities and Risks 318
• Table 11.1: MSMEs to Total Number of Enterprises (%) 332
• Table 11.2: MSME Employment Share to Total National Labor Force (%) 333
• Table 11.3: MSME Contribution to GDP (%) 334
• Table 11.4: Digital Markets Revenues—World, 2017–2025 ($ billion) 348
• Table 11.5: Summary of Studies 363
• Table 12.1: Evolution of COVID-19 in the People’s Republic of China 373
• Table 12.2: Product Category 383
• 1 28
• Designing Competition Policy for Economic Development in Asia: Overview and Policy Directions* 28
• Majah-Leah Ravago, James Roumasset, Arsenio Balisacan, Yasuyuki Sawada, Tetsushi Sonobe, and Yesim Elhan-Kayalar 28
• 2 46
• Competition Policy in Theory and Practice* 46
• James Roumasset, Majah-Leah Ravago, and Arsenio Balisacan 46
• 3 70
• Diffusion and Adaptation of Competition Policy in Asia 70
• Reiko Aoki, Toshiko Igarashi, Takayuki Kai, Eri Satake, Tetsushi Sonobe, Yasuyuki Sawada, and Shintaro Ueda* 70
• 4 104
• Should Competition Laws in Asia be Redesigned to Improve Economic Outcomes? 104
• R. Ian McEwin 104
• 5 132
• The Structure, Conduct, and Performance of Competition Agencies in Asia* 132
• Majah-Leah Ravago, James Roumasset, Arsenio Balisacan, and J. Kathleen Magadia 132
• 6 179
• Pillars of Competition Policy: The Philippines in the Context of Developing Asia 179
• Leni Papa, Danilo Lorenzo Atanacio, and Arsenio Balisacan 179
• 7 219
• The Impact of Competition on Poverty and Inequality: The Philippine Case Using a Microsimulation Method 219
• Karl Robert Jandoc, Geoffrey Ducanes, and Irene Jo Arzadon 219
• 8 244
• An Effective Regulatory Environment to Foster Domestic Market Competition in Asia 244
• Roberto Martin Nolan Galang and Graciela Miralles Murciego 244
• 9 275
• Market Power of Agri-Food Supply Chains in Developing and Emerging Asia 275
• Takayuki Kai and Tetsushi Sonobe 275
• 10 300
• Competition Issues in the Financial Sector in Asia 300
• Peter Morgan 300
• 11 331
• Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises, Digital Platforms, and Competition Policy in Asia 331
• Atsuko Izumi, Yasuyuki Sawada, Yasutora Watanabe, and Yesim Elhan-Kayalar 331
• 12 371
• E-Commerce, the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Industry Dynamics in a Two-sided Market: The Case of a Digital Food Delivery Platform in the People’s Republic of China 371
• Xiaolan Zhou, Yasuyuki Sawada, Matthew Shum, and Elaine S. Tan 371
• 13 399
• The Dynamics of E-Commerce and the Role During the COVID-19 Pandemic 399
• Yasuyuki Sawada, Yesim Elhan-Kayalar, Matthew Shum, and Daniel Yi Xu 399
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