WIDER Working Paper 2024/57-A cultural perspective on the cycle of violent conflicts in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria

Table of Contents

• Abstract 2
• Key words 2
• JEL classification 2
• Acknowledgements 2
• 1 Introduction 3
• 2 The Niger Delta conflict from struggle for resource control to criminal violence 4
• 3 A cultural theory of violence what role does culture play in violent conflicts 6
• 4 Materials and methods 7
• 5 Collective approval of militancy and emergent violent norms in the Niger Delta 8
• FGD with women of Ekeremor community Bayelsa state June 2021. 8
• 6 Heroizing the militant violent representations in indigenous popular culture 9
• FGD with youths of Buguma community Rivers state July 2021. 9
• FGD with CDC Nembe community Bayelsa state July 2021. 9
• Interview with His Royal Majesty King Bubaraye Dakolo Ekpetiama Kingdom Bayelsa state June 2021. 10
• Interview with Iceland gang member Port Harcourt Rivers state July 2021. 10
• Barrister Smooth Tom Ateke 11
• King Robert Ebizimor Tompolo GOC 11
• Interview with F.D. Fyneface CSO actor Port Harcourt Rivers state July 2021. 11
• 7 Rewarding violence From political economy of violence to a culture of violence 12
• Interview with State Security Service SSS officer Yenagoa Bayelsa state June 2021. 12
• Interview with political actor Port Harcourt Rivers state July 2021. 12
• 8 Conclusion 14
• References 15
• American Journal of Public Health 15
• International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 15
• Pirates of the Gulf of 15
• Guinea A Cost Analysis for Coastal States 15
• Journal of 15
• Economic Behaviour Organization 15
• Qualitative Research in Psychology 15
• Child Development 15
• Actual Minds Possible Worlds 15
• Minerva Pediatrics 16
• Breaking the Conflict 16
• Trap Civil War and Development Policy 16
• Journal of Nelta 16
• New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 16
• African Conflict Peacebuilding Review 16
• Violence An International Journal 16
• Stability International Journal of Security and Development 16
• Review of African Political 16
• Economy 16
• Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 16
• American Political Science Review 16
• Wall Street Journal 16
• African Journal of Conflict Resolution 16
• Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Report for the Period 1 January to 30 September 2023 16
• Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies 16
• Nordic 16
• Journal of African Studies 16
• Journal of Humanities and Social Science 16
• Insecurity in the Niger Delta Emerging Threats in Akwa Ibom Bayelsa Cross River Delta Edo and Rivers States 16
• On the Militarization of the Niger Delta The Genesis of Ethnic Militia in Rivers State 16
• Nigeria 16
• Violence Today Actually Existing Barbarism. Socialist Register 2009 17
• Insecurity in the Niger Delta Emerging Threats in Akwa Ibom Bayelsa Cross River Delta Edo and Rivers States 17
• Science 17
• Parenting Science and Practice 17
• Economic Development Inequality and War Humanitarian Emergencies in 17
• Developing Countries 17
• Asian Research Journal of Arts Social Science 17
• Canadian Journal of Development StudiesRevue canadienne détudes du développement 17
• Journal of Political Science and Leadership Research 17
• SAGE Open 17
• Africa 17
• Development 17
• Ofuruma Journal of Humanities 17
• Development Studies Round Table A Journal of Development 17
• American Political Science 17
• Review 17
• Pirates of the Niger Delta Between Brown and 17
• Blue Waters 17
• The Subculture of Violence 17