The subjects of these attacks were the banking sector, telecom industry, educational sector, and critical infrastructure, with the military and government sectors being the main targets of the attackers.12 In the first quarter of 2024, spyware attacks in Pakistan surged by an alarming 300% compared to the same period in 2023, indicating a sharp rise in espionage and data infiltration threats. [...] The former was the first legislation on the IT sector and focused on legally facilitating electronic transactions in the country, whereas the latter was established as a regulatory authority for the media industry in Pakistan, which was mushrooming at that time.41 Moreover, due to the absence of any direct legislation on data protection, data privacy was being regulated through the provisions of E. [...] The delegation of both legislative and judicial powers to the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), which can remove and block online content, is seen as a violation of Article 19 of the Constitution, which protects free speech.47 The Act is also seen as ineffective in many cases, particularly due to the non-cognizable, bailable, and compoundable nature of most of its provisions. [...] National Centre for Cyber Security The government established the National Centre for Cyber Security (NCCS) in 2018 as a collaborative effort between the Higher Education Commission (HEC) and the Planning Commission ‘to build national capabilities and capacities in Cyber Security and produce indigenous professionals and solutions in the field of Cyber Security.53 Following an open call for proposa. [...] In the context of cyber security, the complexity of inter-agency collaboration and the rapid evolution of cyber threats exacerbate these challenges.
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