Urbanisation, climate change and structural transformation in Accra, Ghana

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Table of Contents

• 1. Introduction 4
• 2. Related literature 6
• 3. The context 7
• 3.1. Urbanisation and structural transformation in Accra city region 7
• Figure 1: Population growth in Accra city region, 2010-21 7
• Figure 2: Employment distribution in manufacturing, business/financial services, and services in Accra city region 9
• Figure 3: Spatial distribution of number of business establishments per district in Accra city region 10
• Figure 4: Spatial distribution of labour productivity per district in Accra city region 11
• Figure 5: Kernel density plot of labour productivity by formality status 11
• 3.2. Temperature, rainfall shocks and vulnerability in Accra city region 12
• Figure 6: Evolution of the historical record for temperature and rainfall, Accra city region 12
• Figure 7: Monthly average minimum, mean, and maximum temperature and rainfall, 1991-2020 13
• Figure 8: Annual mean temperature and precipitation for municipalities in Accra city region, 2014/15 13
• 4. Methodology and data 14
• 5. Analysis of results 15
• Figure 9: Vulnerability and Risk Matrix for Accra city region 16
• Table 1: Impact of climate on labour productivity (1) 17
• Figure 10: Graphical illustration of the increase in effect of rainfall when accounting for district and sector effects (1) 17
• Table 2: Impact of climate on labour productivity (robustness) 18
• Figure 11: Graphical illustration of the increase in effect of rainfall when accounting for district and sector effects (2) 18
• 6. Conclusions 20
• References 21
• Appendix 26
• Table A1: Descriptive statistics 26
• Figure A1: Rainfall vs district institutional performance 27
• Back cover_working paper series 2024.pdf 1
• Sample_ACRC working papers.pdf 1
• 1. Introduction 1
• 2. Heading 1 which should not capitalised 1
• 2.1. Heading 2 1
• Table 1: Title not all capsed 1
• References 1
• Covid Collective_community responses synthesis report 060622.pdf 1
• 1. Background and introduction: Understanding Covid-19’s impacts and responses to it in East African cities 1
• 2. Methodology 1
• 3. Key findings 1
• 3.1. Violence and insecurity 1
• 3.2. Emergency relief 1
• Mogadishu 1
• 3.3. Countering misinformation and tackling the Covid ‘infodemic’ 1
• 3.4. Coalitions, collaboration and grassroots-led responses 1
• Kampala 1
• Figure 1: Overview of the top-down formal structure of Uganda’s Covid-19 response led by the NTF 1
• Mogadishu 1
• Figure 2: Overview of the formal structure of Somalia’s Covid-19 response, including the Mogadishu Incident Management System 1
• Nairobi 1
• Mathare 1
• 4. Conclusions and policy recommendations 1
• Table 1. Summary of key Covid-19 responses (top) and different cross-cutting modalities of interaction between actors in the three cities (below) 1
• Figure 3: Modalities of interaction across scales in response to the Covid-19 pandemic 1
• 4.1 Key Recommendations 1
• References 1