Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Policy Brief are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the the National Bank of Belgium, Bank of Italy, the Bank of Slovenia, the Bank of Spain, the European Central Bank, or the Eurosystem. [...] The results for the top 1% of firms display more heterogeneity, explaining about 15% of the decline in Italy and Spain, a third in France and Belgium, and more than 50% in Slovenia. [...] Dennis Essers is an economist in the National Bank of Belgium’s Research Department and affiliated researcher with the Institute of Development Policy (IOB) of the University of Antwerp. [...] Tullia Padellini is a statistician in the Directorate General for Economics, Statistics and Research of the Bank of Italy, where she is part of the Business Survey Unit. [...] The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the institutions the authors are affiliated with.
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