ASIA–PACIFIC MIGRATION DATA REPORT 2023

Related Organizations

Table of Contents

• Acronyms 8
• Terminology 10
• Executive Summary 13
• Introduction 20
• Chapter 1: Migration Overview 22
• 1.1 Migration Corridors 23
• 1.1.1 Regional overview 26
• 1.1.2 Subregional focus 28
• Chapter 2: Types of Migration 31
• 2.1 Labour Migration 32
• 2.1.1 Asia and the Pacific as the main destinations 38
• 2.1.2 Asia and the Pacific as the main region of origin 39
• 2.2 Conflict-induced Displacement 41
• 2.2.1 Key regional trends 42
• 2.2.2 Reviewing progress in conflict-induced displacement contexts 48
• 2.3 Disaster-induced Displacement 51
• 2.3.1 Disaster trends in the Asia and the Pacific 53
• 2.3.2 Internal displacements due to disasters in Asia and the Pacific 56
• 2.3.3 Subregional overview 57
• 2.4 Mixed Migration 59
• 2.4.1 Mixed migration flows within Asia and the Pacific 63
• 2.4.2 Mixed migration flows to and from Europe 67
• 2.4.3 Mixed migration flows to North America 72
• Chapter 3: Migration Policy 73
• 3.1 Migration Governance in Asia and the Pacific 74
• 3.1.1 Saving lives and protecting people: Policies to reduce vulnerabilities 77
• 3.1.2 Addressing climate-related mobility and displacement: Policies to tackle climate-induced migration and its consequences 79
• 3.1.3 Facilitating pathways for labour migration: Policies to promote labour mobility and decent work 81
• Chapter 4: Migration and Vulnerability 83
• 4.1 Trafficking in Persons 84
• 4.1.1 Trafficking in persons for forced criminality in South-East Asia 86
• 4.1.2 Trends in the Pacific 91
• 4.1.3 Developments in the field 91
• 4.2 Migrant Deaths and Disappearances 93
• 4.2.1 Regional overview 94
• 4.2.2 Subregional overview 96
• 4.3 Vulnerabilities Related to Migration and Displacement 100
• 4.3.1 Groups in vulnerable situations 101
• 4.3.2 (Re)integration challenges 104
• Chapter 5: Migration and Development 106
• 5.1 Remittances 109
• 5.1.1 Remittance inflows to Asia and the Pacific 109
• 5.1.2 Remittance costs 111
• 5.2 Health 113
• 5.2.1 Migration health case studies in ASEAN 113
• 5.2.2 Health workforce migration and internationalization of medical education 113
• 5.2.3 Migrant health 116
• Chapter 6: Migration and innovation 117
• 6.1 Innovation for Development 118
• 6.1.1 Innovative solutions for people on the move: Housing and basic services challenges 120
• Figure 1.1.1. A regional snapshot: International migration 25
• Figure 1.1.2. Top 20 migration corridors from Asia and the Pacific 27
• Figure 1.1.3. Major migration corridors from South Asia 28
• Figure 1.1.4. Top 10 migration corridors from South-West Asia 29
• Figure 1.1.5. Top 10 migration corridors from South-East Asia 29
• Figure 1.1.6. Top 10 migration corridors from East Asia 30
• Figure 1.1.7. Major migration corridors from the Pacific 30
• Figure 2.1.1. Stock and inflow of migrant workers in main destinations in Asia and the Pacific 33
• Figure 2.1.2. Outflow of nationals from Asia–Pacific countries for employment abroad 36
• Figure 2.1.3. Key drivers of labour migration in Asia and the Pacific 40
• Figure 2.2.1. Level of cross-border and internal conflict-induced displacements in Asia and the Pacific in 2023 42
• Figure 2.2.2. Stock of cross-border and internal conflict-induced displacements in Asia and the Pacific in the past 10 years 43
• Figure 2.2.3. Volume of conflict-displaced populations across international borders and within countries in Asia and the Pacific 44
• Figure 2.2.4. Sex and age disaggregation by population group 45
• Figure 2.2.5. Trajectory towards durable solutions 48
• Figure 2.3.1. Number of disasters by subregion and top 5 countries in 2023 53
• Figure 2.3.2. Occurrence by disaster type in 2023 54
• Figure 2.3.3. Number of affected persons from disasters in the Asia–Pacific region in 2023 55
• Figure 2.3.4. Number of disaster-affected persons by country in 2023 (in millions) 55
• Figure 2.3.5. Internal displacement related to disasters in the Asia–Pacific region in 2023 (in millions) 56
• Figure 2.3.6. Internal displacements related to disaster by hazards type in the Asia–Pacific region in 2023 56
• Figure 2.3.7. Main disaster-induced displacement events in the Asia–Pacific region in 2023 58
• Figure 2.4.1. Major mixed migration routes for Asia–Pacific migrants 62
• Figure 2.4.2. Inflows to Afghanistan by country of departure between 15 August 2021 and 15 August 2023 (in millions) 64
• Figure 2.4.3. Outflows from Afghanistan by country of destination between 15 August 2021 and 15 August 2023 (in millions) 64
• Figure 2.4.4. Reasons for migration and documentation status among incoming Myanmar nationals to Thailand 65
• Figure 2.4.5. Reasons for migration and documentation status among incoming Cambodia and Lao nationals to Thailand 66
• Figure 2.4.6. Number of recorded first arrivals in Europe by country of origin and destination 68
• Figure 2.4.7. Number of transits at entry in the Western Balkans region by country of origin and transit 70
• Figure 2.4.8. Nationals from the Asia–Pacific region ordered to leave and returned from Europe in 2023 71
• Figure 2.4.9. Number of migrants from the Asia and the Pacific transiting irregularly across the Darien Jungle (2019–2023) 72
• Figure 3.1.1. Asia–Pacific countries that have participated in MGI assessments between 2016 and 2023 76
• Figure 3.1.2. Percentage of Asia–Pacific governments with measures that safeguard lives, reduce vulnerabilities and protect migrants 77
• Figure 3.1.3. Percentage of Asia–Pacific governments with measures that address climate-related human mobility and displacement 79
• Figure 3.1.4. Percentage of Asia–Pacific governments with measures to promote labour mobility and protect migrant workers 81
• Figure 4.1.1. Top countries of origin and destination of IOM-assisted individuals in 2023 86
• Figure 4.1.2. IOM’s VoTs in the ASEAN Member States in 2023 87
• Figure 4.1.3. Trafficking routes 88
• Figure 4.1.4. IOM Protection-related and prosecution-related initiatives in 2023 92
• Figure 4.2.1. Number of deaths and missing migrants from the region from 2014 to 2023 95
• Figure 4.2.2. Fatalities of Asia–Pacific nationals in 2023 95
• Figure 4.2.3. Number of dead and missing migrants by subregion in 2022 and 2023 96
• Figure 4.2.4. Leading causes of death during migration within the region 97
• Figure 4.2.5. Migrants from Asia and the Pacific who lost their lives during migration globally (per migration route) 98
• Figure 4.2.6. Percentage of countries with systems to trace and identify missing migrants 99
• Figure 4.3.1. Top 5 priority needs among Afghan returnees 105
• Figure 5.1.1. Remittance inflows to Asia and the Pacific by subregion in 2023 109
• Figure 5.1.2. Top 10 recipients of remittances in Asia and the Pacific in 2023 110
• Figure 5.1.3. Top 10 recipients of remittances as a share of GDP in Asia and the Pacific in 2023 110
• Figure 5.1.4. Average total remittance costs of sending USD 200 by receiving regions in Q4 2019 and Q4 2023 111
• Figure 5.1.5. Distribution of average remittance cost for sending USD 200 by receiving subregions in Q4 2019 and Q4 2023 112
• Figure 5.2.1. Percentage of foreign-trained and foreign-born health workers for selected occupations in Asia and the Pacific (latest data available) 114
• Figure 5.2.2. Stock of foreign-trained doctors by top 10 countries of origin in Australia (2017–2021) 115