We postulate that the probability of the less virulent version of the pandemic (L), π increases with the input of action and effort by both government and private citizens, hence there is an inter-dependence between actions and efforts in lowering the impact of the pandemic. [...] The pay-offs are greater in the low-state of the pandemic, both for the governments and the public. [...] Both the government and private individuals maximise the benefit of their action and efforts to lower the severity of the pandemic bearing in mind the cost of actions and efforts. [...] In the populist setting, the 9Analytically speaking the infection rate, r, enters the (exogenous) pay-offs of the government utility in (8); the exogeneity of the parameter causes a shift in the reaction function (rather than movements along it). [...] We then subtracted this measure from the ContainHealth index.13 The resulting measure (RealResponse) gives us the real government response to the pandemic that only includes the policies directed at protecting the public against the spread of the virus and not the policies enacted to undermine democratic institutions.
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