The objective of this study is to enhance understanding and build capacity in Lagos State to improve SWM and reduce marine plastic pollution by promoting sustainable plastic management practices based on the 3 R principles: reduce, reuse, and recycle. The executive summary provides further details on each of these aspects. The information presented in these sections is derived from desk research, stakeholder consultations involving both government and private sector actors, as well as household field surveys conducted in Lagos. This report represents a synthesis of the findings from these analyses. In addition, this work conducted sectoral deep dives, concentrating on the following aspects: (1) emissions of particulate matter and greenhouse gases from municipal solid waste in Lagos State; (2) quantification of plastic waste generation in healthcare facilities (HCF) in Lagos State; (3) waste characterization study at Olusosun dumpsite; (4) plastic hotspot analysis in Lagos State; and (5) an analysis of business models related to plastic waste recycling. Each aspect has been performed as a stand-alone study, and this report serves as their synthesis. The key findings are provided in topic sheets at the end of this report. This report also provides a roadmap for solid waste and plastic management both in Lagos State and Nigeria.
Authors
Related Organizations
- Citation
- “ World Bank . 2024 . Improving Solid Waste and Plastics Management in Lagos State: A Way Forward . © Washington, DC: World Bank . http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42374 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO . ”
- Collection(s)
- Other Environmental Study
- Identifier externaldocumentum
- 34408448
- Identifier internaldocumentum
- 34408448
- Pages
- 240
- Published in
- United States of America
- Region country
- Nigeria
- Report
- 194211
- Rights
- CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO
- Rights Holder
- World Bank
- Rights URI
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/igo
- UNIT
- AFR ENR PM 4 (SAWE4)
- URI
- https://hdl.handle.net/10986/42374
- date disclosure
- 2024-11-07
- region administrative
- Africa Western and Central (AFW)
- theme
- Urban Development,Mitigation,Job Creation,Environmental Health and Pollution Management,Air quality management,Environment and Natural Resource Management,Private Sector Development,Oceans,Coastal Zone Management,Climate change,Urban and Rural Development,Jobs,Adaptation,Renewable Natural Resources Asset Management
Files
Table of Contents
- Map 1.1 Spatial distribution of waste generated in Local Government Councils (LGCs) across Lagos State, 2021 49
- Map B1.1.1 Projected daily waste generation across 20 LGCs in Lagos State in 2030 50
- Map B1.1.2 Projected daily waste generation across 20 LGCs in Lagos State in 2040 51
- Map TS1.1 Waste generation by state in Nigeria, 2021 169
- Map TS1.2 Waste generation by local government councils in Nigeria 170
- Map TS3.1 Waste facilities in Lagos State 200
- Map TS6.1 Estimated mismanaged plastic waste leakage into water bodies from Lagos State 228
- Map TS6.2 Estimated mismanaged plastic waste emissions into the Atlantic Ocean from Lagos State 229
- Box O.1 The PROBLUE Multi-Donor Trust Fund 41
- Box 1.1 Projections for MSW Growth in Lagos State 50
- Box 1.2 Environmental Impact of Mismanaged Solid Waste in Nigeria 55
- Box 1.3 Current State of Solid Waste Generation and Disposal in Lagos State–Household Survey 58
- Box 1.4 The Food and Beverage Recycling Alliance (FBRA) 68
- Box 2.1 Entrepreneurial Initiatives Provide Income to Communities in Exchange for Plastic Waste 87
- Box 3.1 Operational Guidelines for EPR Programme in Nigeria, 2014 93
- Box 4.1 Welfare level and waste management 114
- Box 4.2 Complementing Infrastructure Improvements with Essential Information 117
- Box 4.3 Reframing Information with Positive Emotions 119
- Box 4.4 Promoting Accountability Through Social Comparison 120
- Box 6.1 World Bank’s WACA Program on Plastics Pollution in West Africa 158
- Box TS1.1 Managing Organic MSW in Nigeria 171
- Box TS1.2 Role of the Informal Sector in MSW management in Nigeria 172
- Box TS1.3 Role of State Governments and LGCs in MSW Management 176
- Box TS2.1 Formalizing the Informal Waste Sector of Plastic Waste Management 190
- Box TS3.1 Environmental Problems Linked to Mismanaged MSW 198
- Box TS3.2 Methodology to Calculate PM and GHG Emissions from MSW in Lagos State 199
- Box TS4.1 Methodology to Quantify Plastic Waste from Healthcare Facilities in Lagos State 210
- Box TS6.1 Plastic Pollution in Lagos Lagoons 227
- Figure ES.1. Objectives of this Study 22
- Figure 1.1 Overview of SWM in Lagos State 47
- Figure 1.2 Overview of MSW sector in Lagos State 48
- Figure 1.3 Waste composition in Lagos State, 2020 51
- Figure 1.4 Flow of MSW in Lagos State 54
- Figure B1.3.1 Waste composition at the household level (%) 58
- Figure B1.3.2 Proportion of households using different solid waste disposal facilities (%) 59
- Figure B1.3.3 Household waste collection (%) 59
- Figure B1.3.4 Frequency of waste collection (%) 60
- Figure B1.3.5 Satisfaction in waste collection service (%) 60
- Figure 1.5 Summary of current waste management practices in Lagos 61
- Figure 1.6 Timeline of Lagos State MSW activities 63
- Figure 1.7 Timeline of key policies and regulations related to MSW in Nigeria 64
- Figure 2.1 Flow of plastic waste in Lagos State 77
- Figure 2.2 Flow of bulk waste and recyclables in Lagos State 78
- Figure 2.3 Timeline of plastic-related policies in Nigeria 82
- Figure 3.1 Overview of recommendations for an EPR e-Registry 97
- Figure 3.2 Steps to launch EPR registry 98
- Figure 4.1 Main characteristics of survey respondents 107
- Figure 4.2 Decision-making process for sustainable household waste management 108
- Figure 4.3 Household waste disposal method 112
- Figure 4.4 Agreement level on waste management issues (%) 113
- Figure B4.1.1 Distribution of total monthly expenditure 114
- Figure B4.1.2 Access to waste collection services 114
- Figure 5.1 Monthly payments for refuse collection services, 2010–11 and 2018–19 (₦) 129
- Figure 7.1 Summary of challenges, gaps, and opportunities on plastics waste management in Lagos State 164
- Figure TS1.1 Household access to MSW facilities in Nigeria (%) 174
- Figure BTS1.3.1 Roles of different institutions 177
- Figure TS1.2 Current institutional layout of SWM in Nigeria 178
- Figure TS1.3 Delineation of mandates related to MSW governance in Nigeria 179
- Figure TS2.1 Stakeholders along the plastic value chain in Nigeria 187
- Figure TS2.2 Plastic production and consumption in Nigeria, 2009–20 188
- Figure TS2.3 Institutional framework for plastics in Nigeria 193
- Figure TS3.1 Distribution of emissions by disposal sites in Lagos State, 2021 (%) 201
- Figure TS3.2 Distribution of PM emissions by waste type in Lagos State, 2021 202
- Figure BTS4.1.1 Types of healthcare facilities in Lagos State, 2023 211
- Figure TS4.1 Types of uncontaminated and contaminated plastic medical waste generated in Lagos State 212
- Figure TS4.2 Average daily weight of plastic waste from sampled healthcare facilities (kg) 213
- Figure TS4.3 Estimated weight of plastic waste from all healthcare facilities in Lagos State (kg) 214
- Figure TS5.1 Waste composition at Olusosun dumpsite 220
- Figure TS5.2 Plastic waste by source 221
- Figure TS5.3 Three main extraction points for plastic waste at the dumpsite 222
- Figure TS6.1 Estimated values for MSW, MPW ending up in waterways, and MPW ending up in the ocean, for Lagos State and Lagos Lagoon watershed (2022 and 2030) 226
- Figure TS7.1 Plastics recycling pathways 234
- Table ES.1 National MSW roadmap recommendations 27
- Table ES.2 MSW roadmap recommendations for Lagos State 31
- Table 1.1 Challenges and recommendations for private sector participation in MSW in Lagos State 69
- Table 3.1 Guidance Document for the Implementation of EPR Programme for the Electrical/Electronics Sector, 2020, and National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulations, 2022 94
- Table 3.2 Overview of potential data sources 96
- Table 3.3 Overview of recommendations for sector-specific guidelines for implementation of EPR in the food and beverages and other FMCG industries 99
- Table 4.1 Knowledge of recyclable or reusable materials 110
- Table 4.2 Motivating factors to separate or reuse plastic and to separate food scraps 110
- Table B4.1.1 Reasons cited by respondents for not sorting waste 115
- Table 4.3 Behavioral bottlenecks to domestic waste management in Lagos and proposed levers 121
- Table 5.1 Estimated infrastructural and funding gaps in Lagos State, 2021 134
- Table 5.2 Improved solid waste management in Lagos State (Alternative scenarios) 135
- Table 6.1 Summary of recommendations to improve solid waste management (SWM) in Lagos State and Nigeria 140
- Table 6.2 National MSW roadmap recommendations 148
- Table 6.3 Summary goals and outcomes for MSW in Lagos State as per LSDP 2052 152
- Table 6.4 MSW roadmap recommendations for Lagos State 153
- Table TS1.1 Solid waste composition in Nigeria 171
- Table TS2.1 Plastic consumption by sector in Nigeria, 2019–20 189
- Table TS2.2 Summary of measures that can be applied to SUPs 192
- Table TS3.1 Estimates of CH4, PM2.5, and PM10 emissions from MSW at five disposal sites in Lagos State, 2021 201
- Table TS3.2 Distribution of PM emissions by waste type in Lagos State, 2021 202
- Table TS3.3 Annual emissions of GHGs and PM from open burning by waste type in Lagos State, 2021 (MT) 203
- Table TS4.1 Weight of plastic waste collected from HCW facilities in Lagos State (kg) 213
- Table TS5.1 Waste generated in Lagos 222
- Table TS7.1 Assumptions for source segregated collection model 235
- Table TS7.2 Assumptions and findings for single stream recycling model ramp-up 236
- Table TS7.3 Assumptions and findings for mechanical plastics recycling facility model 236
- Table TS7.4 Assumptions and findings for food-grade rPET pellet production model 237
- acknowledgments 15
- ABBREVIATIONS 17
- executive 21
- summary 21
- Overview of This Study 39
- chapter 1 45
- Solid Waste Generation and Management in Lagos State 45
- 1.1 Municipal Solid Waste Landscape in Lagos State 46
- 1.2 SWM Policies and Institutional Structure in Lagos State 62
- 1.3 Private Sector Participation 69
- References 71
- chapter 2 75
- Plastic Waste Management in Lagos State 75
- 2.1 Plastic Waste Landscape in Lagos State 76
- 2.2 Plastic Waste Management Policies and Institutional Structure in Lagos State 81
- 2.3 Transitioning to a Circular Economy for Plastics in Nigeria 84
- References 88
- chapter 3 91
- Setting the Framework for an EPR Model for Nigeria 91
- 3.1 Introduction 92
- 3.2 Current Status 92
- 3.3 Challenges 95
- 3.4 Recommendations 96
- References 101
- chapter 4 103
- Behavioral Insights to Reducing Marine Plastic Pollution in Lagos State 103
- 4.1 Introduction 104
- 4.2 Diagnostics Methods and Participants 105
- 4.3 Barriers to Sustainable Waste Management 107
- 4.4 Recommendations 116
- References 122
- chapter 5 127
- Financial and Economic Analyses of MSW in Nigeria and Lagos State 127
- 5.1 Financing for SWM in Nigeria 128
- 5.2 Challenges 128
- 5.3 Financing Waste Projects 130
- 5.4 Financing for Plastic Waste 131
- 5.5 Funding for Plastics 132
- 5.6 Financing MSW Sector in Lagos State 132
- 5.7 Possible Economic Impacts of Improved Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Lagos State 134
- References 136
- chapter 6 139
- Roadmap Recommendations for Sustainable MSW in Nigeria and Lagos State 139
- 6.1. National MSW Roadmap Recommendations 140
- 6.2 Recommendations for Lagos State 152
- References 159
- chapter 7 161
- Conclusions 161
- Topic sheet 1 167
- Solid Waste Generation and Management in Nigeria 167
- TS1.1 MSW Management Landscape in Nigeria 168
- TS1.2 Institutional Analysis of SWM in Nigeria 176
- TS1.3 Policies and Regulations Related to SWM in Nigeria 180
- References 182
- Topic sheet 2 185
- Plastic Waste Management in Nigeria 185
- TS2.1 Plastic Value Chain in Nigeria 186
- TS2.2 Institutional and Policy Framework for Plastic Waste Management in Nigeria 193
- References 195
- TOPIC SHEET 3 197
- Emissions of Particulate Matter and Greenhouse Gases from Municipal Solid Waste in Lagos State 197
- TS3.1 Current Scenario 198
- TS3.2 Key Findings 200
- TS3.3 Public Health and Economic Costs of Emissions from the MSW Sector 203
- TS3.4 Challenges 204
- TS3.5 Recommendations 205
- References 205
- TOPIC SHEET 4 209
- Quantification of Plastic Waste Generation in Healthcare Facilities in Lagos State 209
- TS4.1 Introduction 210
- TS4.2 Key Findings 212
- TS4.3 Challenges 214
- TS4.4 Recommendations 215
- References 215
- TOPIC SHEET 5 219
- Waste characterization Study at Olusosun Dumpsite 219
- TS5.1 Plastic as a Proportion of All Waste 220
- TS5.2 Plastic Waste by Source 221
- TS5.3 Common Types of Plastic Waste 221
- TS5.4 Plastics Extracted from the Waste Stream 221
- References 223
- TOPIC SHEET 6 225
- Plastic Hotspot Analysis in Lagos State 225
- References 230
- TOPIC SHEET 7 233
- Plastics Recycling Business Models 233
- References 237
