Age, rainfall and gender expression in stressed Pinus pinea trees  planted in an arid region

pinea trees are formed on the lower and somewhat older branches of the presented here should be viewed according to the basic responses canopy, and female cones are usually formed in new branches of the other conifer tree taxa of that forest, planted at the edge or in new branch parts on higher parts of the canopy in P. [...] of rainfall trees mm of the planted density in the groves of the more drought-tolerant pines (P. [...] In each row, the first 35–37 trees were marked, authorities in order to balance between the limited available beginning in the western edge of the rows. [...] pinea (Rapp However, these effects are only part of a complicated pattern and Cabanettes, 1981), and the large size of seeds and female of the phenotypic plasticity in sexual allocation in P. [...] pinea trees in especially pronounced in three (1988, 1992, 1995) of the four El the studied population changed their gender in response to Niño years, and not at all in the last El Niño year (1998).