The COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures led to significant learning disruption around the world (Patrinos, 2023; Schady et al, 2023), and there is a need to understand the relationship between this disruption and student learning outcomes in Indonesia. This study builds on a recent World Bank report, and aims to conduct a rigorous and comprehensive analysis of associated factors related to learning loss and disparity in Indonesia. This study draws on empirical data including both students’ individual characteristics and structural factors such as governmental support related to the pandemic, school-based management and teacher quality. This study employed surveys from 2019 and 2023 to estimate the learning loss among 6,693 primary school students following the COVID-19 school closures. Additionally, it identified school and individual factors that promoted improvement in student learning during the pandemic. It found that students examined in March 2023 experienced a learning loss of 0.265 standard deviations in language (equivalent to approximately 10.6 months) and 0.276 standard deviations in math (11 months), compared to same-aged students in 2019. This study reveals increased disparity in learning outcomes across different groups. Students with lower socioeconomic status (SES) experienced larger learning losses than others. The poorest 20 percent of households experienced approximately two years of learning loss in both language and math, and students with less educated parents suffered from greater learning losses, including up to two years in language. Pre-existing gender and regional gaps in learning outcomes persisted during the pandemic, with boys underperforming girls, and rural schools underperforming urban schools in both 2019 and 2023.
Authors
- Citation
- “ Hata, Anna ; Kim, Seil ; Nomura, Shinsaku . 2024 . Learning in the Shadow of the Pandemic: COVID-19 Learning Loss and Widening Learning Disparities in Indonesia . © Washington, DC: World Bank . http://hdl.handle.net/10986/42393 License: CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO . ”
- Collection(s)
- Other papers
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1596/42393
- Identifier externaldocumentum
- 34407616
- Identifier internaldocumentum
- 34407616
- Pages
- 69
- Published in
- United States of America
- Region country
- Indonesia
- Report
- 194193
- Rights
- CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO
- Rights Holder
- World Bank
- Rights URI
- https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/igo
- UNIT
- Education EAP (HEAED)
- URI
- https://hdl.handle.net/10986/42393
- date disclosure
- 2024-11-11
- region administrative
- East Asia and Pacific
- theme
- Education,Student Assessment,Gender,Human Development and Gender,Education Facilities,Access to Education,Disease Control,Standards, Curriculum and Textbooks,Pandemic Response,Education Governance, School-Based Management
Files
Table of Contents
- Appendices 5
- List of Tables 5
- List of Figures 5
- Acronyms 6
- Introduction 12
- Indonesias Education System Challenges and the COVID-19 Pandemic 13
- Pre-existing gender and regional gaps in learning outcomes persisted during the pandemic with boys underperforming girls and rural schools underperforming urban schools in both 2019 and 2023. 15
- International Studies of Post-Pandemic Learning Loss 16
- 3.1 Magnitude of Learning Loss and Variance across Countries 16
- 3.2 Heterogeneous effects of 17
- COVID-19 on different social groups 17
- Objectives and Methodologies of the Study 19
- 4.1 Objective of the study 19
- 4.2 Data and Sampling Process 20
- 4.3 Measures 21
- Analytical Results of Learning Losses between 2019 and 2023 24
- 5.1 Estimating Learning Loss in Language and Mathematic Skills 24
- 5.2 Learning Loss Disparities Across Socioeconomic Backgrounds 26
- 5.3 Learning Loss Disparities Related to School Environments 28
- Disparities in 29
- Correlations between School Practices and Students Learning 30
- Analysing the Characteristics Related to Learning Disparities in 2023 30
- 6.2 Examining learning disparities by school practices during the pandemic 33
- 6.3 Teachers Characteristics and Teaching Practices and Students Learning 37
- 6.4 Individual-level Characteristics and Students Learning 38
- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 42
- Appendix A 50
- Appendix B 54
- Appendix C 56
- Appendix D 57
- Appendix E 60
- Appendix F 62
- Appendix G 64
- Appendix H 66
- Appendix I 67
