Table of Contents

Border Externalization: The enactment of domestic policies and bilateral/multilateral agreements that successfully enlist other countries, usually countries in the periphery of the State in question, in processing asylum seekers and enhancing their border controls with the ultimate goal of preventing asylum seekers from reaching the State enacting the putative externalization policies. [...] Pushing Back Protection: How Offshoring and Externalization Imperil the Right to Asylum 4 Expulsion, Deportation, Removal, or Return: These different terms refer to the involuntary transfer of migrants or asylum seekers from a receiving nation’s borders to another nation— oftentimes to a neighboring country or to the country of origin of the migrant or asylum seeker. [...] The Dublin Regulation requires one fair examination of an asylum application within the European Union, operating on the assumption that asylum practices in each country adhere to the same common standards.72 Under the agreement, certain criteria are applied in the examination process of an asylum claim in order to determine if an asylum seeker will remain in the EU country they are currently in,. [...] Under a Memorandum of Understanding first signed in 2017,78 Italy and the EU have provided training, equipment, and additional support including a total of more than 500 million Euros to Libya, with the goal of preventing migration to the shores of Europe.79 Most notably, Italy and the EU’s efforts have gone toward the recruitment, training, and financing of the Libyan Coast Guard (LCG). [...] Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, EU and Italian authorities are obligated to alert whichever ship is in the best location to rescue a distressed vessel at sea.99 In recent years, however, Italian authorities and the EU’s border agency, Frontex, have given preference to the LCG over non-governmental organizations to prevent disembarkation of asylum seekers in Europe.100 Le.