Does the uptake of multiple climate smart agriculture practices enhance household savings, food security and household

Given this background, we ask the following questions, i) What influences the uptake of CSA practices among smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe? ii) What is the impact of adopting CSA practices on household savings, food security and household vulnerability to climate change? The paper contributes to the scant literature on impact of adoption of a portfolio of CSA technologies in the face of changing. [...] In addition to eroding the sanctity of the freehold tenure, the onset of the FTLRFP also marked the beginning of the economic decline in Zimbabwe which persisted up to this period (Moyo and Chambati 2013). [...] 5.2 Test of significant differences between adopters and non-adopters of CSA practices Table 4 presents the results of the mean difference in household characteristics and livelihoods of adopters and non-adopters of CSA practices based on the stu- dent t-test statistic. [...] In the first phase, the endogenous variable (CSA adoption) was regressed on the instrumental variable Coefficient of variation of rainfall and temperature and the other explanatory variables and the predicted residuals saved.3 In the second phase, the three outcome variables were regressed on the endoge- nous variables (CSA adoption), other explanatory variables and the residuals (Wooldridge 2010). [...] 6 Conclusion The study sought to determine the drivers of adoption of CSA practices by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and the subsequent impact of adoption of CSA practices on food security, household savings, and household vulnerabil- ity.