What the energy transition needs, and could also help MENA region seek to manage the energy transition and the bring about, is the utilization of the large numbers broader challenges presented by climate change, this will of educated youth and particularly women who are create opportunities for new policies and new approaches. [...] Outside the Gafsa mining region, revenues were captured by state- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the MENA region is the least affiliated elites and not reinvested , leaving it under-developed integrated in terms of economic cooperation, and development and contributing to the protests in 2008 and after the 2011 cooperation across countries is almost negligible.1 And then revolution.4 Across the r. [...] In the 20th century, revenues from oil and other extractive industries enabled modernizing Recently, MENA countries appear to be moving in the direction regimes to invest in infrastructural development, generate of diversification.5 International cooperation and financing growth, and create modern middle and working classes.3 will be needed for this effort to succeed; as The Economist But the down. [...] Female employment in the professions has increased Across MENA female labor needs to be incorporated to make steadily in many countries since the 1990s, with “feminization” economies more competitive and thus more productive, along occurring in education, social services, pharmacology, and the with more effective utilization of the labor force in general. [...] Those are only in the public sector; income replacement in the private the sectors that — with the right incentives — could see growth sector is 66%, and maternity leave is longer in the public sector in female labor force participation (FLFP).7 than in the private sector.9 FLFP levels in MENA are generally low, especially among married women with children and those with secondary 8.
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