Changes in Trade and Investment Policies in Thailand and the Implications for Medium-term Growth

The only exception involved the automotive industry, which has represented the main interest of technocrats from the Ministry of Industry and been the subject of concerted government efforts since the mid-1970s (i.e. [...] These include the ASEAN Free Trade Area (now known as the ASEAN Economic Community), the ASEAN–China FTA, the Thailand– Australia FTA, the Thailand–New Zealand FTA, the Japan–Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement, the ASEAN–Japan FTA, the ASEAN–Korea FTA, and the ASEAN–Australia– New Zealand FTA. [...] the global financial crisis beginning in 2008, Brexit, the European crisis, and the trade war between the US and China starting in 2018), many believe that the growth slowdown is a symptom of the middle-income trap in Thailand (e.g. [...] The second component is about mega infrastructure investment to enhance the connectivity of the EEC area with the rest of the world and Chinese megaprojects associated with the Belt and Road Initiatives, in particular. [...] ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? is the standard ERP using the MFN tariff, whereas the output tariff is assumed to be zero as the export and input tariffs are equal to the costs of the tariff exemption/rebate schemes in ? ? ? ? ? ? ,? .