Governance and Representation in the Afghan Urban Transition

Although the REACH programme has been operationalised, the anti-government armed opposition at the time opposed implementation in some parts of the country due to concerns about lack of coordination with them, corruption and not reaching the neediest people.3 Insecurity and climate change Parallel to the pandemic, Afghanistan in this period also experienced one of the most challenging phases of it. [...] As noted in Diwakar (2022), our logistic regression is employed to understand the correlates of poverty and welfare mobility: for = we have as the probability of the household being under the poverty line in model 1, and the probability of the household experiencing reduced welfare over the year leading up to the survey in model 2, Head is a vector of variables defining the characteristics of the. [...] In the last couple of years, drought has harshly condensed the yield and harvest in the “WE WILL DIE IN POVERTY BEFORE DYING BY COVID” YOUNG ADULTS AND MULTI-LAYERED CRISES IN AFGHANISTAN 8 agriculture sector and the wheat harvest forecasted in the lower status comparing with the last 5 years (OCHA, 2018), leading to the intensification of relying on other income sources such as daily wage labour. [...] As a result, it has severely affected our livelihoods and economic situation.4 On the one hand, the policy response for COVID-19 reduced the accessibility of the labour market for families that relied on the daily wage labour; the closing of the borders and lockdown of commercial hubs and areas also caused an increase in food prices. [...] Because people are not coming to Bazar and the demand of buying and selling is decreased or even totally stopped.5 Rising instability and insecurity In addition to this, rapid change in the security situation, especially over the pandemic period, and an increase in local crime reduced access to work in the agriculture sector that was already affected by the drought and rising food prices.