Critical raw materials for the energy transition in the EU: - How circular economy

This Synthesis of published research on international value transition will require significant amounts of raw materials chain dependencies of the EU with particular focus on to create the infrastructure for electrification and clean materials (raw and processed) that are crucial for the energy production. [...] EU cobalt demand for the energy Finland, Canada and Norway being the other transition will require 10-20kt in 2030 and 50-60kt in 2050.1 top suppliers1 EU primary demand will rise rapidly until 2040, when The EU supplies only 10% of cobalt from domestic secondary sources become available from recycling of EV mining activities, which are projected to reduce batteries; By 2050 65% of the EU’s overal. [...] for cathode production) would and magnets (7%)3 increase demand1 Associated risks in the Business as usual (BAU) scenario and opportunities in the CIRCULAR ECONOMY (CE) scenario Supply risk: The disruptive growth in global demand due to the clean energy transition might lead to supply Opportunities: constraints by 2030 - 2040 due to insucient mining projects to meet the speed of the clean Creation. [...] growing from 25Mt in 2020 with historical demand growth of 2.4% (1990-2020).1 to 31Mt in 2030 with China (~42%) being the major EU copper demand potentially grows from 4.3Mt in producer of refined copper.1 2020 to 5Mt in 2030 and 6Mt in 2050. [...] add to increase in demand.1 2020).3 Associated risks in the BAU scenario and opportunities in the CE scenario Supply risk: Opportunities: Since the global energy transition is progressing faster Educating consumers and providing infrastructure and than the mining project pipeline copper is at risk of a incentives to increase recycling rate of e-waste could disruptive demand pull between now and 20.