Reducing Cyber Risks to Nuclear Weapons: Proposals from a U.S.-Russia Expert Dialogue

and global security organization focused on reducing nuclear and Russian cyber/information security and nuclear weapons policy biological threats imperiling humanity. [...] Following initial conversations in Moscow in 2019 about the findings from NTI’s Cyber-Nuclear Weapons Study Group, The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the Track II dialogue was established and proceeded virtually those of the NTI Board of Directors or institutions with which they in plenary and small-group sessions in 2020 and 2021. [...] They addressed topics including possible crisis scenarios and escalation pathways, opportunities for building confidence and predictability in the relationship, and bilateral cyber-nuclear norms that could mitigate the risks. [...] The recommendations in this paper offer policymakers in Russia and the United States—and in other countries—options for reducing the risks of a cyber or information security attack that could lead to nuclear war. [...] 11 Refrain from Interference in Nuclear Weapons and Related Systems, including Nuclear Command, Control, Communications, and Warning Systems.