Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands—called coal forests—that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and Permian times. However, many significant coal deposits are younger than this and originate from the Mesozoic and …

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Publications

CEPR: Centre for Economic Policy Research · 17 April 2024 English

In his non- profit activity, Vladyslav served as a member of the National Reform Council (2014-2016), Chair of the Banking Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce in Ukraine (2010-2014) …

labour needed in reconstruction. Key sectors, such as coal mining and steelworks, required heavy physical exertion both coal-powered but also hydroelectric in mountainous areas since there was a general coal shortage managed particular sectors (food and agriculture, coal, electricity, oil, iron and steel, raw materials legacy of war and dictatorship. When the European Coal and Steel Community was created, only seven years


17 April 2024 English

Plastics show the strongest production growth of all bulk materials over the last decade. The industry’s current growth trajectory is exponential and plastic production is expected to double or triple …

to fossil fuel (i.e., crude oil, natural gas, and coal) extraction and/or mining step. “Hydrocarbon production” process energy, for generating heat and electricity.7 Coal is also used in plastic production as a feedstock fossil-based feedstock (i.e., crude oil, natural gas, and coal) [7]. There has been a regional shift of plastic This geographic shift has also led to growth in coal-based feedstock production in China (through methanol-based also consumes fossil fuels – oil, natural gas, and coal – for energy needed in production processes. The


EJF: Environmental Justice Foundation · 17 April 2024 Swahili

Uvuvi haramu na ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu unaofanywa na meli za Uvuvi za China katika Eneo la SWIO 25 6.1 Mifano ya Kujifunzia: Maisha ya wafanyakazi kwenye meli za …

fishing-along- 194 BBC. (2019) Row over Chinese coal plant near Kenya 144 RARE. (nd) Fish Forever in


Systemiq · 17 April 2024 English

For a comprehensive exploration of the methodology, the data and the inherent limitations of our study, we would direct readers to the Technical Annex and the “Limitations of the model” …

such as cancer risks, crude oil, natural gas and coal. The environmental mutagenicity, reproductive toxicity


EJF: Environmental Justice Foundation · 16 April 2024 English

Regional fisheries dynamics of the of this exceptional richness of life is being threatened SWIO and their importance to the by overexploitation (especially by overfishing and IUU fishing), habitat degradation, …

Data at William & 194 BBC. (2019) Row over Chinese coal plant near Kenya World Heritage site of Lamu. Mary


CAPS: Centre for Air Power Studies · 15 April 2024 English

One of ensure rapid induction ofIndia’s nuclear power programme up the future issues reactors to undercut thethe ladder: firstly, the government of NuClealry Put will cynicism that is often explore …

nuclear energy two months after the generated from coal-fired plants and 47 per cent Vol. 18, No. 12, 15 and wind energy? After all, towards greater use of coal, not accounted for while taking the in just the power generation capacity plants by importing more coal from Poland, more of a mere 1362 MW at the time setting up 55 per cent is met from coal and the instance was initiated in coal-fired plants, an rest from gas today, but these are only 55 per cent is met from coal and the rest from expected to meet the needs of


IEEFA: Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis · 12 April 2024 English

The analytics emphasize the nuances of implementation and rely on the expertise of the rating agency staff. [...] Although the tool does not speak to the credit rating implications of …

by corporate managers. Further to the point, the coal, oil and gas sector do not have much credibility numerous studies on the oil, gas, petrochemical and coal sectors in the U.S. and internationally, including


ADB: Asian Development Bank · 12 April 2024 English

ASEAN’s economic transformation depends on its success in achieving its key priorities of recovery, digital economy, and sustainability.

still being met with fossil fuels, specifically oil, coal, and liquefied natural gas, as renewable alternatives and the promotion of renewable alternatives to coal. Southeast Asia is confronted with substantial


RSIS: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies · 12 April 2024 English

One promising contender emerging on the horizon is the use of Red Hydrogen – a concept poised to revolutionise our energy landscape and pave the way to Net Zero Emissions …

almost three times as much energy as a tonne of coal. Hence, there is much potential for it as a clean ranked in cleanliness via a colour spectrum. Using coal https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport https://www produced. If natural gas, which is less pollutive than coal, is used in an industrial process known as steam


World Bank Group · 11 April 2024 English

There is growing awareness globally about the potential impacts of climate change on financial stability. Climate-related financial risks can be broadly grouped into two categories: (i) climate physical risks, which …

by imported fossil fuels, particularly oil and coal (Figure 4). In 2019, oil contributed to 56.5 percent percent of the total energy supply, followed by coal (29.8 percent) and natural gas (3.9 percent). Morocco’s minimal coal reserves, Morocco has accelerated the use of coal and has commissioned three coal power plants plants to expand its coal-fired power generation. Natural gas is also projected to reach 23 percent 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Coal Petroleum oils Natural gas Petroleum coke Other


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