Opium

Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for the illegal drug trade. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, and non-analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and noscapine. The traditional, labor-intensive method of obtaining the latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to …

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Publications

World Bank Group · 17 April 2024 English

This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the South Asia region. Macroeconomic …

income shock brought about by the enforcement of the opium ban. This ongoing deflation reflects a troubling the falling price of imported commodities. The opium cultivation ban may be causing additional deflationary from illicit to licit crops. More- over, since opium cultivation is more la- bor-intensive than other


UNAMA: United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan · 17 April 2024 English

In 2023, we continued I would like to express my gratitude to the United to grapple with the challenges of upholding our core Nations agencies, our partners from the International …

Finding alternatives to opium Baz Mohammad knew he wanted a change. As an opium poppy Across Afghanistan ago, however, he realized that contributing to opium cultivation assistance provides a source of income


HBS: Heinrich Boll Foundation · 10 April 2024

At the same time, the Emir has put in place a mechanism to provide actionable guidance for the administration via the Office of Administrative Affairs as well as established an …

regulations for de facto government officials, and the opium ban in April 2022. Overall, the first six months


HBS: Heinrich Boll Foundation · 10 April 2024 English

At the same time, the Emir has put in place a mechanism to provide actionable guidance for the administration via the Office of Administrative Affairs as well as established an …

regulations for de facto government officials, and the opium ban in April 2022. Overall, the first six months


Amnesty International · 3 April 2024 English

This research briefing documents the horrifying surge in executions in Iran in 2023, the highest in eight years. More than half of the executions were for drug-related offences amid a …

from over 5kg to over 50kg for bhang, cannabis or opium, and from 30g to 2kg for heroin, morphine, cocaine


Yoorrook Justice Commission · 1 April 2024 English

20 But the development of the settlement, the conquest, whatever words you choose, of Victoria, came very specifically in a particular period and that was the period from the mid-1830s …

the first one was the Prevention of the Sale of Opium and Protection of Aborigines Act 1896 and then that


Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention · 29 March 2024 English

of the Convention on the Prevention and Artsakh Punishment of the Crime of Genocide:“[d]eliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole …

producer of Tatmadaw, declared a state of emergency. opium, the key ingredient in the drug heroin. Security Following the Taliban’s imposition of a ban on opium production in Afghanistan in April, the cultivation conditions “drive farmers in remote areas towards opium to make a living.” The UN office has emphasized realities and vulnerabilities fac[ing] people living in opium-cultivat[ion] areas.” The emergence of Myanmar as


HRI: Harm Reduction International · 27 March 2024

Since 2007, HRI has been at the forefront of advocating for the abolition of the death penalty for drug-related offences worldwide, including via the Death Penalty for drug offences: Global …

Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, (2022) ‘Poisons, Opium and Dangerous Drugs (Amendment) Act’, Bill No. 149


NBER: National Bureau of Economic Research · 27 March 2024 English

Much has been written about deterrence, the process of committing to punish an adversary to prevent an attack. But in sufficiently rich environments where attacks evolve over time, formulating a …

Organization 123: 19-30. Mery, Aschkan (2021): The Opium of the People: Essays on Counter-narcotics Eorts


EU: European Union · 26 March 2024 English

To evaluate the European Union’s (EU) policy framework towards China, this study analyses the varied facets of bilateral relations and the EU’s approach towards China, including its policy of de-risking, …

historical narrative, started with defeat in the first Opium War (1842) and lasted until the PRC’s establishment


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