Bottom Line
- Benjamin Netanyahu’s vocal opposition to any role for Palestinians in the post-war period serves to amplify Hamas’ misleading propaganda that it alone represents the interests of all Palestinians, embraces the tenets of Islam, and that its armed struggle can reverse Israeli occupation.
- Israel’s long-term security will benefit from credible Palestinian, Arab, and Muslim voices to undercut Hamas’ powerful propaganda.
- Without some course correction in his rhetoric toward Palestinians, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu will ultimately lead Israel back to the political situation that existed before the October 7 attacks, and Hamas’ insidious trap will succeed.
- A staunch ally of Israel, the United States will increasingly find it difficult to ignore domestic and regional concerns about the humanitarian costs and implications of Israel’s military action. Unless Palestinians are offered political alternatives, Israel’s allies will face challenges in assisting post-war plans, any progress toward normalization between moderate Arab states and Israel will falter, friends of Israel will increasingly fret about a broadening of the conflict and terrorism, and Hamas and its “Axis of Resistance” allies will register a success.
Editor's Note:
This is the first of two articles that will be released this week regarding the War in Gaza for FPRI's Center for the Study of Intelligence and Nontraditional Warfare. This article by an experienced, retired CIA Arabist, Ted Singer, discusses the vital role that propaganda plays in this war. In irregular warfare, words matter and can be as powerful as any weapon or even more powerful. The second article—to be released later this week—will discuss the Law of Armed Conflict and its application against forces who do not follow the Geneva Conventions while waging an irregular war in a dense, urban environment. We hope both are useful for a better understanding of this bitter and emotional struggle.
Hamas is an acronym for the Islamic Resistance Movement and means “zeal” in Arabic. This wordplay foreshadowed the October 7 disaster, in which 1,200 people were killed.
In response to the October 7 attack, Israel launched Operation Iron Sword, a large-scale military campaign in Gaza. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has articulated the following “prerequisites for peace”: destroy Hamas, demilitarize Gaza, and deradicalize Palestinian society. These goals are impossible to achieve, counterproductive to Israel’s long-term security, and risks setting Israel into a trap set by Hamas. Instead, Netanyahu should undercut the appeal of Hamas among Palestinians by engaging credible Palestinian, Arab, and Muslim voices to undercut Hamas’ powerful propaganda.
The Meaning of the “Islamic Resistance Movement”
Hamas founders in 1987 carefully curated their words to propagate an ideology that would endure beyond inevitable efforts to capture and kill individual adherents.
Islamic
Islamic, of course, means of or relating to Islam, which itself means peace or submission to God. Worldwide, there are some 1.8 billion Muslims. Among the estimated 14 million Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank and diaspora, the vast majority are Sunni Muslim. Drawing on their Muslim Brotherhood roots and tapping into the ascendant, conservative Islam in Saudi Arabia and Iran, Hamas founders sought to broadly interlink the Palestinian cause to religion. Among Palestinians, Hamas aimed to starkly differentiate itself from its rival, the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and other Palestinian militant groups, which has secular, if not Marxist, origins.
Resistance
Resistance is the refusal to accept or comply with something. Hamas’ political nemesis, the Palestine Liberation Organization, had its own acronym, Fatah, which read backwards stands for the “Palestinian National Liberation Movement” and alone means “conquering.” Hamas founders, mostly Gazans and denizens of Palestinian refugee camps, played on Palestinian and international perceptions that, despite its name, Fatah had achieved very little and its leaders appeared to be “limousine” liberators living comfortably abroad.
Movement
Movement stands for a group of people with the same beliefs, ideas, or aims. Adopting this word was also intentional for Hamas, as movements, unlike parties or organizations, ostensibly lack leadership and outside control. Again, Hamas founders sought to distinguish themselves from the hierarchical Palestine Liberation Organization, a rival that they considered corrupt and subject to foreign influence. Hamas founders also sought to convey that hostility to Israel would also be the duty of all Palestinian men, women, and children and their sympathizers, not just fighters.
Hamas founders’ word choice no doubt had an Israeli audience in mind, too. The Zealots, a Jewish resistance movement in the first century A.D., opposed any modus vivendi with occupying Romans and their Herodian collaborators in Judea. Their military wing, the Sicarii, waged guerrilla warfare, their army turned on fellow Jews who sought compromise, and the last of the Zealots famously held out at Masada for three years before committing mass suicide in the face of overwhelming Roman forces. “It’s better to die than be a slave to Rome,” the Zealots’ leader, Eleazar ben Ya’ir, said.
Netanyahu’s Rhetoric
Netanyahu’s military goals in the current war—destruction, demilitarization, and deradicalization—is aimed at many audiences, except Palestinians. The plan foretells a return to the cycle of reoccupation, deterrence, and retaliation in which zealots thrive. He spoke to Israel’s allies in the West: he will do what he must do. He assured his right-wing allies that his opposition to a two-state solution wouldn’t change as long as the conflict continued and he remained in power.
The prime minister gave a nod to Gulf Arab, Egyptian, and Jordanian leaders, who privately applaud the demise of Hamas but publicly decry the civilian death toll. Lastly, he warned “Axis of Resistance” allies of Hamas—Iran, Hizballah, Houthis, and terrorists in Iraq, Syria, and elsewhere—that the Sword of Iron is not limited to Gaza.
In separate remarks, Netanyahu has stated that he expects Gulf Arab states “will support the
rehabilitation of the [Gaza] Strip.” However, these states have linked potential assistance to progress on a two-state solution, which right-wing Israelis adamantly
oppose. Additionally, Netanyahu has labeled Qatar as “
problematic,” as it largely funded previous reconstruction efforts in Gaza. Netanyahu has articulated Israel’s
opposition to a “Fatah-stan.” However, the United States and other allies have lobbied vocally for a revitalization of the Palestinian Authority and its return to Gaza. Netanyahu has indicated that Israel will maintain a security role “indefinitely” in Gaza, despite US and European Union diplomatic positions
against reoccupation of Gaza by Israel.
Israel’s military operations will certainly succeed in physically destroying the current crop of Hamas and like-minded militants in Gaza and the West Bank. By extension, Israeli security forces are well on the way to demilitarizing Gaza for the moment. But, with each passing day, this operation and settler violence in the West Bank pushes the Palestinian people in the opposite direction of deradicalization, just as Hamas founders expected. Hopeless, civilian Gazans who survive the unprecedented bombardments will seek solace in their faith, Islam. Homeless, many will have no recourse but to resist reoccupation and right-wing Israeli calls for forced migration. Leaderless, many will be tempted to recreate or resuscitate an Islamic resistance movement to combat Israel and avenge their losses.
