THE GLOBAL SUBSIDIES INITIATIVE UNTOLD BILLIONS: FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDIES, THEIR IMPACTS AND THE PATH TO REFORM The Effects of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: A review of modelling and empirical studies THE GLOBAL SUBSIDIES INITIATIVE | UNTOLD BILLIONS: FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDIES, THEIR IMPACTS AND THE PATH TO REFORM Page II The Effects of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: A review of modelling and empirical studie [...] This effort and the other work of the GSI could not have been undertaken without the generous support provided by the governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. [...] THE GLOBAL SUBSIDIES INITIATIVE | UNTOLD BILLIONS: FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDIES, THEIR IMPACTS AND THE PATH TO REFORM Page 9 The Effects of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: A review of modelling and empirical studies THE EFFECTS OF FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDY REFORM: A REVIEW OF MODELLING AND EMPIRICAL STUDIES By Jennifer Ellis, PhD 1. OVERVIEW, PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS 1.1 Overview In developed and developing countri [...] It reviews the strengths and weaknesses of methods employed in studies to evaluate these impacts, and provides some assessment of the findings of these studies with the goal of answering the question: what do we know about the economic, environmental and social impacts of fossil-fuel subsidies and their reform? [...] As THE GLOBAL SUBSIDIES INITIATIVE | UNTOLD BILLIONS: FOSSIL-FUEL SUBSIDIES, THEIR IMPACTS AND THE PATH TO REFORM Page 12 The Effects of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: A review of modelling and empirical studies a result, some of the market distortions discussed in this section, such as offsets, are captured to some degree in the studies reviewed, and are therefore partially addressed in this paper.