What Have We Learned from EAPGIL Research? Accomplishments and Lessons Learned from the World Bank’s East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab: 2016 – 2024

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Table of Contents

• Accomplishments and Lessons Learned from the World Banks East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab 1
• Table of Contents 3
• Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
• Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3
• Introduction From Evidence to Action The EAPGIL Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
• Section 1 EAPGIL Accomplishments 201624 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3
• Section 2 Lessons from EAPGIL Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3
• Section 3 Priorities for Future EAPGIL Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3
• Appendix 1 List of EAPGIL Impact Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3
• Appendix 2 List of EAPGIL Inferential Research Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3
• Executive Summary 5
• Conducts Research on Gender Gaps 5
• Designs Innovative Solutions to Gendered Constraints 5
• Evaluates Programs and Policies 5
• Engages Policy Makers 5
• What Is EAPGIL 5
• Completed 9 Impact Evaluations 5
• Conducted 25 Inferential Research Studies on 6 Themes 5
• Published 5
• What Has EAPGIL Learned 6
• Supporting Entrepreneurship 6
• Closing Gender Gaps in Agriculture 6
• Social Protection and Womens Empowerment 7
• Childcare and Womens Work 7
• Building and Protecting Human Capital 8
• Measuring Agency 8
• Introduction 9
• From Evidence to Action The EAPGIL Model 9
• Design Evaluate Engage Research 9
• Research 10
• Design 10
• Evaluate 10
• Engage 11
• A collaborative process 13
• Section 1 15
• EAPGIL Accomplishments 201624 15
• Section 2 17
• Lessons from EAPGIL Research 17
• 2.1. 17
• Removing Barriers to Productivity for Female Entrepreneurs and Farmers 17
• Gender gaps in entrepreneurship depend on business size and are driven by differences in inputs 18
• Skills training financial inclusion and reducing womens domestic care burden can be effective interventions to close gender gaps 19
• Lower access to inputs and unclear land tenure are barriers to productivity for female farmers 21
• 2.2. 23
• Social Protection and Womens Empowerment 23
• Public works programs are effective in reducing poverty but may not create sustainable impacts 23
• Conditional cash transfers can have long-term impacts even when participation is brief 24
• Social protection programs can mitigate gender-based violence although the type of violence matters 24
• Local knowledge is important for accurate targeting of social protection 25
• 2.3. 25
• Childcare and Womens Work 25
• Womens unequal burden of domestic and care work affects their economic prospects and decisions 25
• Childcare can improve womens economic participation and the economy as a whole 27
• Trust and social norms can pose challenges to the expansion of childcare services 28
• 2.4. 28
• Building and Protecting Womens Human Capital 28
• Socioemotional skills programs are promising but not a panacea 28
• Clean cooking technology can improve womens health 29
• 2.5. 30
• Measuring Womens Agency 30
• What aspects of decision-making are important for womens agency 30
• How can gender-based violence be accurately and safely measured 31
• Section 3 33
• Priorities for Future EAPGIL Research 33
• 3.1. 33
• Gender and Climate 33
• 3.2. 34
• Childcare and Eldercare 34
• 3.3. 35
• Fostering Women Leaders 35
• 3.4. 35
• Ending Gender-Based Violence 35
• 3.5. 36
• Supporting Womens Livelihoods 36
• Appendix 1 37
• List of EAPGIL Impact Evaluations 37
• Promoting Agent Banking through Supply and Demand Incentives 37
• Youth Aspirations and Career Choices in Indonesia 38
• Road Maintenance Groups in Laos 38
• Laos Clean Cookstoves Initiative 39
• Philippines Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program CARP 39
• Philippines Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps 40
• Rural Road Improvement in Vietnam 40
• Community-Based Childcare Centers for Garment Factory Workers 40
• Mobile Clinics for Social Inclusion in Indonesia 41
• Support to Parcelization of Lands for Individual Titling SPLIT Project 41
• Fiji Jobs for Nature 2.0 41
• Innovations in Childcare for Social Inclusion in Indonesia 42
• Tonga Pathways to Employment 42
• Appendix 2 43
• List of EAPGIL Inferential Research Projects 43
• Female Entrepreneurship in Southeast Asia 43
• Boosting Womens Earnings and Employment Opportunities 44
• Childcare 44
• Gendered Dimensions of Human Capital Outcomes 45
• Targeting of Social Assistance Programs 46
• Measurement 46