Renewable energy
Authors
- Pages
- 72
- Published in
- United Arab Emirates
Table of Contents
- Contents 3
- Figures 5
- Figure S1 Energy consumption and CO2 emissions for selected hard-to-abate sectors, 2022 8
- Figure S2 Summary of key technological pathways and readiness assessment for selected sectors 9
- Figure 1 Energy consumption, CO2 emissions, activity metrics for selected hard-to-abate sectors, 2022 15
- Figure 2 Main technology pathways for the decarbonisation of industry and transport 16
- Figure 3 Evolution and projections to 2030 for battery cell energy density (left) and costs (right) 19
- Figure 4 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for heavy-duty trucks 20
- Figure 5 CO2 emissions by main vessel types, 2012-2023 25
- Figure 6 Cost comparison of renewable marine fuels 28
- Figure 7 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for shipping 29
- Figure 8 Historical and projected CO2 emissions of the aviation sector, 1990 2050 33
- Figure 9 Production cost comparison of sustainable aviation fuels 35
- Figure 10 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for aviation 36
- Figure 11 Traditional pathways for steel production 39
- Figure 12 Share of production routes and their estimated emissions intensities 40
- Figure 13 Global steel demand and scrap availability, 2020-2050 41
- Figure 14 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for iron and steel 43
- Figure 15 Overview of feedstocks and petrochemical products 47
- Figure 16 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for chemicals and petrochemicals 50
- Figure 17 Summary of key technological pathways and readiness assessment of selected sectors 53
- Abbreviations 6
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
- 1. Introduction 13
- 1.1 Objectives and structure of this report 13
- 1.2 Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors 14
- 2. Challenges, solutions, and progress towards decarbonisation of the selected sectors 17
- 2.1 Heavy-duty trucks 17
- 2.2 Shipping 24
- 2.3 Aviation 32
- 2.4 Iron and steel 38
- 2.5 Chemicals and petrochemicals 46
- 3. Accelerating the transformation 52
- 3.1 Key considerations in the decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sectors. 52
- 3.2 Recommendations for the G7 55
- References 61