Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors with renewables: Perspectives for the G7

Table of Contents

• Contents 3
• Figures 5
• Figure S1 Energy consumption and CO2 emissions for selected hard-to-abate sectors, 2022 8
• Figure S2 Summary of key technological pathways and readiness assessment for selected sectors 9
• Figure 1 Energy consumption, CO2 emissions, activity metrics for selected hard-to-abate sectors, 2022 15
• Figure 2 Main technology pathways for the decarbonisation of industry and transport 16
• Figure 3 Evolution and projections to 2030 for battery cell energy density (left) and costs (right) 19
• Figure 4 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for heavy-duty trucks 20
• Figure 5 CO2 emissions by main vessel types, 2012-2023 25
• Figure 6 Cost comparison of renewable marine fuels 28
• Figure 7 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for shipping 29
• Figure 8 Historical and projected CO2 emissions of the aviation sector, 1990 2050 33
• Figure 9 Production cost comparison of sustainable aviation fuels 35
• Figure 10 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for aviation 36
• Figure 11 Traditional pathways for steel production 39
• Figure 12 Share of production routes and their estimated emissions intensities 40
• Figure 13 Global steel demand and scrap availability, 2020-2050 41
• Figure 14 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for iron and steel 43
• Figure 15 Overview of feedstocks and petrochemical products 47
• Figure 16 Summary of decarbonisation pathways and infrastructure needs for chemicals and petrochemicals 50
• Figure 17  Summary of key technological pathways and readiness assessment of selected sectors 53
• Abbreviations 6
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
• 1. Introduction 13
• 1.1 Objectives and structure of this report 13
• 1.2 Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors 14
• 2. Challenges, solutions, and progress towards decarbonisation of the selected sectors 17
• 2.1 Heavy-duty trucks 17
• 2.2 Shipping 24
• 2.3 Aviation 32
• 2.4 Iron and steel 38
• 2.5 Chemicals and petrochemicals 46
• 3. Accelerating the transformation 52
• 3.1 Key considerations in the decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sectors. 52
• 3.2 Recommendations for the G7 55
• References 61