The Global Hydrogen Review 2024 tracks the global development of hydrogen production, demand, and its role in energy transition. The report highlights the growing production of low-emissions hydrogen, investment trends, trade, infrastructure developments, and innovations. Special emphasis is placed on the potential of hydrogen in Latin America, as well as the global challenges facing its widespread adoption. The review also provides in-depth assessments of greenhouse gas emissions associated with different hydrogen supply chains and explores future policies, strategies, and targets for hydrogen use in energy sectors. The review includes analysis on infrastructure challenges, investment risks, and the importance of government actions to stimulate both hydrogen supply and demand. The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative and is
intended to inform energy sector stakeholders on the status and future prospects
of hydrogen.
Authors
- Pages
- 295
- Published in
- France
Table of Contents
- Global Hydrogen Review 2024 -1
- Abstract 3
- Acknowledgements, contributors and credits 4
- Table of contents 7
- Executive summary 9
- Recommendations 14
- Accelerate demand creation for low-emissions hydrogen by leveraging industrial hubs and public procurement 14
- Support project developers to scale up low-emissions hydrogen production and drive cost reductions 14
- Strengthen regulation and certification of environmental attributes for low-emissions hydrogen 15
- Identify opportunities to start developing hydrogen infrastructure 15
- Support emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) in expanding low-emissions hydrogen production and use 15
- Dashboard -1
- Chapter 1. Introduction 17
- Overview 17
- The CEM Hydrogen Initiative 18
- Chapter 2. Hydrogen demand 20
- Highlights 20
- Overview and outlook 21
- Demand creation for low-emissions hydrogen 23
- Refining 28
- Industry 32
- Use of hydrogen for heating applications in industry 36
- Transport 37
- Road transport 37
- Cars and vans 39
- Trucks 40
- Buses 42
- Hydrogen refuelling stations 43
- Shipping 46
- Methanol 48
- Ammonia 49
- Hydrogen 49
- Aviation 50
- Other non-road sectors 52
- Rail 52
- Industrial, heavy, and other machinery 52
- Buildings 53
- Electricity generation 54
- Projects using hydrogen and ammonia in electricity generation 55
- Auctions for hydrogen-based electricity generation 57
- Chapter 3. Hydrogen production 59
- Highlights 59
- Overview and outlook 60
- Hydrogen production today 60
- Outlook to 2030 61
- Electrolysis 66
- Current status 66
- Advances 68
- Electrolyser manufacturing 73
- The geography of electrolyser manufacturing 75
- The cost of electrolysers 77
- Fossil fuels with CCUS 78
- Comparison of different production routes 81
- Hydrogen production cost 81
- The impact of low-emissions hydrogen on the cost of final products 85
- The role of water for hydrogen production 89
- Advances and solutions for water supply in hydrogen projects 90
- Emerging production routes 94
- Natural hydrogen 94
- Other emerging routes 98
- Hydrogen-based fuels and feedstock 99
- Project developments and outlook to 2030 99
- The cost of producing hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks 101
- Chapter 4. Trade and infrastructure 104
- Highlights 104
- Overview 105
- Status and outlook of hydrogen trade 105
- Recent trade projects 106
- Announced trade projects 108
- Trade contracts and tenders 112
- Status and outlook of hydrogen infrastructure 113
- Transport by pipeline 114
- Legal and regulatory frameworks for hydrogen pipelines 115
- Project announcements for dedicated pipelines 117
- Technical advances in hydrogen pipelines 121
- Hydrogen blending 123
- Underground hydrogen storage 124
- Infrastructure for transport by ship 129
- Infrastructure at ports 129
- Tankers for shipping hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels 133
- Chapter 5. Investment, finance and innovation 135
- Highlights 135
- Investment in the hydrogen sector 136
- Spending on hydrogen supply projects in construction 137
- Electrolysis 137
- Fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilisation and storage 140
- Infrastructure 142
- Multilateral financial commitments are moving into the implementation phase 143
- Financial performance of hydrogen firms 145
- Venture capital and private equity 147
- Innovation in hydrogen technologies 150
- Innovation in hydrogen production technologies 150
- Hydrogen from electrolysis 150
- Stack innovation 150
- High-pressure electrolysis 151
- Offshore hydrogen production 151
- Hydrogen from fossil fuels with CCUS 152
- Methane reforming 152
- Methane pyrolysis 152
- Emerging technologies for hydrogen production 152
- Production of synthetic hydrocarbons 153
- Innovation in hydrogen end-uses 153
- Industry 153
- Iron and steel 153
- Chemicals 154
- High-temperature heating 154
- Transport 155
- Methanol-fuelled shipping 155
- Ammonia-fuelled shipping 155
- Hydrogen-fuelled shipping 156
- Hydrogen in aviation 156
- Electricity generation 157
- Hydrogen-fuelled technologies 157
- Ammonia-fuelled technologies 157
- Tracking patent applications 160
- Chapter 6. Policies 163
- Highlights 163
- Overview 164
- Strategies and targets 166
- Demand creation 172
- Mitigation of investment risks 178
- Grants 178
- Competitive bidding schemes 179
- Contracts for difference 180
- Tax incentives 181
- Other policy instruments 182
- Industrial policies to support domestic manufacturing of hydrogen technologies 188
- Promotion of RD&D, innovation and knowledge-sharing 190
- International co-operation 192
- Certification, standards, regulations 194
- Standards, certification and regulation on the environmental attributes of hydrogen 194
- Operational and safety standards 199
- Regulations on infrastructure, permitting and other areas 201
- Chapter 7. GHG emissions of hydrogen and its derivatives 203
- Highlights 203
- Overview 204
- System boundaries and scope of emissions 206
- Emissions intensities of hydrogen production routes 208
- Emissions intensities of ammonia production routes 215
- Emissions intensities of (re)conversion and shipping of hydrogen carriers 216
- Ammonia 217
- Liquid organic hydrogen carriers 219
- Liquid hydrogen 221
- Emissions intensity of carbon-containing hydrogen-based fuels 223
- Alternatives for the carbon accounting of the CO2 source 224
- Allocation of emissions associated with the CO2 source 225
- Allocation of CO2 emissions among stakeholders in the supply chain 228
- Effect of temporal correlation on GHG emissions 230
- Chapter 8. Latin America in focus 234
- Highlights 234
- Unlocking the potential of low-emissions hydrogen in Latin America and the Caribbean 235
- Overview 237
- Hydrogen production and demand 237
- Outlook for low-emissions hydrogen in the Announced Pledges Scenario in Latin America and the Caribbean 240
- Low-emissions hydrogen production 242
- Low-emissions hydrogen demand 247
- Agriculture: nitrogen-based fertilisers 248
- Steelmaking and hot briquetted iron trade 252
- Mining: explosives and machinery 258
- Bulk explosives 259
- Heavy machinery 259
- Hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels for aviation and shipping 260
- Aviation fuels 261
- Shipping fuels 263
- CO2 supply and demand 265
- Refining 268
- Moving towards implementation 269
- Creating the first hydrogen hubs in LAC 270
- Factors to identify the potential for hydrogen hubs 270
- Types of hydrogen hubs in Latin America and the Caribbean 272
- Hydrogen industrial demand hubs 272
- Hydrogen bunkering and distribution hubs 273
- Hydrogen supply hubs 274
- Near-term actions to foster first hydrogen hubs 275
- Certification 276
- Opportunities for national oil companies 277
- Demand creation measures 278
- Long-term planning 279
- Social acceptance 280
- Bringing down the cost of capital 281
- The cost of capital is critical to the cost of producing renewable hydrogen 281
- Multiple types of risks affect the cost of capital 283
- Strategies for reducing the cost of capital 283
- Experienced gained through project start-up is a crucial first step for reducing the cost of capital 286
- Annex 287
- Explanatory notes 287
- Projections and estimates 287
- Terminology relating to low-emissions hydrogen 287
- Terminology for carbon capture, utilisation and storage 287
- Scenarios used in this Global Hydrogen Review 288
- Project status 288
- Currency conversions 288
- Sources of information 289
- Abbreviations and acronyms 289
- Units 292
